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NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation.

ABSTRACT: A hallmark feature of episodic memory is that of "mental time travel," whereby an individual feels they have returned to a prior moment in time. Cognitive and behavioral neuroscience methods have revealed a neurobiological counterpart: Successful retrieval often is associated with reactivation of a prior brain state. We review the emerging literature on memory reactivation and recapitulation, and we describe evidence for the effects of emotion on these processes. Based on this review, we propose a new model: Negative Emotional Valence Enhances Recapitulation (NEVER). This model diverges from existing models of emotional memory in three key ways. First, it underscores the effects of emotion during retrieval. Second, it stresses the importance of sensory processing to emotional memory. Third, it emphasizes how emotional valence - whether an event is negative or positive - affects the way that information is remembered. The model specifically proposes that, as compared to positive events, negative events both trigger increased encoding of sensory detail and elicit a closer resemblance between the sensory encoding signature and the sensory retrieval signature. The model also proposes that negative valence enhances the reactivation and storage of sensory details over offline periods, leading to a greater divergence between the sensory recapitulation of negative and positive memories over time. Importantly, the model proposes that these valence-based differences occur even when events are equated for arousal, thus rendering an exclusively arousal-based theory of emotional memory insufficient. We conclude by discussing implications of the model and suggesting directions for future research to test the tenets of the model.

SUBMITTER: Bowen HJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6613951 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation.

Bowen Holly J HJ Kark Sarah M SM Kensinger Elizabeth A EA

Psychonomic bulletin & review 20180601 3

A hallmark feature of episodic memory is that of "mental time travel," whereby an individual feels they have returned to a prior moment in time. Cognitive and behavioral neuroscience methods have revealed a neurobiological counterpart: Successful retrieval often is associated with reactivation of a prior brain state. We review the emerging literature on memory reactivation and recapitulation, and we describe evidence for the effects of emotion on these processes. Based on this review, we propose ...[more]

PMID: 28695528

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Project description:BackgroundChest pain is a common reason for admission to the Emergency Department and aortic disease is a relatively frequent cause amongst the total number of admissions due to chest pain. IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a multi-organ immune-mediated condition that mimics several malignant, infectious, and inflammatory disorders.Case summaryWe report a rare case of IgG4-related aortitis complicated with severe aortic regurgitation and multivessel coronary artery disease in a 64-year-old man with a history of atypical chest pain. The diagnosis was made performing transthoracic echocardiography, transoesophageal echocardiography, and left heart catheterization; the aortitis was an incidental finding discovered by computed tomography angiography. Unusually, the positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans did not reveal metabolic activity in the aortic wall. This last finding prompted us to exclude more aggressives arteritis (such as Horton's disease or Takayasu arteritis); syphilis infection and other infective or autoimmune diseases were excluded with laboratory tests. The patient underwent cardiac surgery with replacement of both the aortic valve and the ascending aorta, also performing a coronary aortic bypass graft (CABG). Despite the PET-CT scans were negative in the aortic wall, the histological specimens showed diffuse lymphoid infiltration, fibro-atheromatosis lesions, and medium-interstitial hyperplasia compatible with aortic atherosclerosis and IgG4-RD. The post-surgery course was free of complications and the patient was discharged in good clinical condition. He was referred to the Rheumatologic Department and a corticosteroid therapy has been started.DiscussionThe growing recognition of IgG4-related systemic disease as a clinical entity underscores the importance of considering this diagnosis in patients with any type of idiopathic aortitis and aortic valve disease. Noteworthy, the PET-CT scans could be negative in this disease, so histological exams are mandatory to make the diagnosis; in our case an unusual post-surgery histopathological finding prompted us to diagnose a rare, unrecognized disease and allowed us to treat the patient properly.

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NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation.

Publications

NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation.

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