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The role of familial risk, parental psychopathology, and stress for first-onset depression during adolescence.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Adolescence represents a critical developmental period during which the initial onset of depression emerges. Family risk for depression is a salient risk factor for the initial onset of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We examined the effects of familial risk, stress, and behavior on the risk of developing first-onset depression. METHODS:Adolescents aged 12 to 15 with high (n?=?166) or low (n?=?159) familial risk for depression were assessed annually for up to five years. Stress was assessed using the Stressful Life Events Schedule and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version was administered to the adolescents and their parents to assess lifetime psychiatric conditions and diagnose MDD onset. Survival and path analyses were used in tandem to determine the risk for first-onset depression as well as the contributions of additional direct and indirect pathways to onset. RESULTS:High-risk adolescents were eight times more likely to develop first-onset depression compared with low-risk adolescents. The path analyses revealed that the presence of maternal behavioral disorders and increased recent life stress directly predicted an initial onset of MDD in high-risk adolescents. LIMITATIONS:The small samples used in this study limit the generalizability of these findings. CONCLUSIONS:Adolescents at high familial risk for depression had an increased risk for the emergence of first-onset depression during adolescence. Stress and maternal behavioral psychopathology directly contributed to depression onset independently of familial risk, while childhood trauma exerted an indirect effect on first-onset MDD through recent stress.

SUBMITTER: Elsayed NM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6620141 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The role of familial risk, parental psychopathology, and stress for first-onset depression during adolescence.

Elsayed Nourhan M NM Fields Kristina M KM Olvera Rene L RL Williamson Douglas E DE

Journal of affective disorders 20190422

<h4>Background</h4>Adolescence represents a critical developmental period during which the initial onset of depression emerges. Family risk for depression is a salient risk factor for the initial onset of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We examined the effects of familial risk, stress, and behavior on the risk of developing first-onset depression.<h4>Methods</h4>Adolescents aged 12 to 15 with high (n = 166) or low (n = 159) familial risk for depression were assessed annually for up to five year ...[more]

PMID: 31055129

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Project description:ImportanceCombining information on polygenic risk scores (PRSs) with other known risk factors could potentially improve the identification of risk of depression in the general population. However, to our knowledge, no study has estimated the association of PRS with the absolute risk of depression, and few have examined combinations of the PRS and other important risk factors, including parental history of psychiatric disorders and socioeconomic status (SES), in the identification of depression risk.ObjectiveTo assess the individual and joint associations of PRS, parental history, and SES with relative and absolute risk of early-onset depression.Design, setting, and participantsThis case-cohort study included participants from the iPSYCH2012 sample, a case-cohort sample of all singletons born in Denmark between May 1, 1981, and December 31, 2005. Hazard ratios (HRs) and absolute risks were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression for case-cohort designs.ExposuresThe PRS for depression; SES measured using maternal educational level, maternal marital status, and paternal employment; and parental history of psychiatric disorders (major depression, bipolar disorder, other mood or psychotic disorders, and other psychiatric diagnoses).Main outcomes and measuresHospital-based diagnosis of depression from inpatient, outpatient, or emergency settings.ResultsParticipants included 17 098 patients with depression (11 748 [68.7%] female) and 18 582 (9429 [50.7%] male) individuals randomly selected from the base population. The PRS, parental history, and lower SES were all significantly associated with increased risk of depression, with HRs ranging from 1.32 (95% CI, 1.29-1.35) per 1-SD increase in PRS to 2.23 (95% CI, 1.81-2.64) for maternal history of mood or psychotic disorders. Fully adjusted models had similar effect sizes, suggesting that these risk factors do not confound one another. Absolute risk of depression by the age of 30 years differed substantially, depending on an individual's combination of risk factors, ranging from 1.0% (95% CI, 0.1%-2.0%) among men with high SES in the bottom 2% of the PRS distribution to 23.7% (95% CI, 16.6%-30.2%) among women in the top 2% of PRS distribution with a parental history of psychiatric disorders.Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that current PRSs for depression are not more likely to be associated with major depressive disorder than are other known risk factors; however, they may be useful for the identification of risk in conjunction with other risk factors.

Dataset Information

The role of familial risk, parental psychopathology, and stress for first-onset depression during adolescence.

Publications

The role of familial risk, parental psychopathology, and stress for first-onset depression during adolescence.

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