Dataset Information

Epidemiology of dermatophytosis in northeastern Iran; A subtropical region.

ABSTRACT: Background and Purpose:Dermatophytes as the causative agents of dermatophytosis (ringworm) are widely spread around the world. Accurate identification of dermatophytes in one area can be particularly important for epidemiological studies. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to describe the species spectrum of dermatophytes, isolated from patients in Mashhad city, Iran, using the molecular-based method. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted on 79 dermatophyte isolates obtained from the human skin, hair, and nail specimens. Species identification was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer regions using MvaI restriction enzyme. Results:The identified species included Trichophyton mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex (n=37, 46.8%), Epidermophyton floccosum (n=12, 15.2%), T. rubrum (n=8, 10.1%), Microsporum canis (n=8, 10.1%), T. violaceum (n=5, 6.3%), T. tonsurans (n=4, 5.1%), Nannizzia gypsea (n=3, 3.8%), T. benhamiae (n=1, 1.3%), and T. verrucosum (n=1, 1.3%). The clinical forms of infection were tinea corporis (n=26, 32.8%), tinea cruris (n=22, 27.8%), tinea capitis (n=10, 12.6%), tinea unguium (n=7, 9%), tinea manuum (n=6, 8%), tinea pedis (n=5, 6.3%), and tinea faciei (n=3, 3.5%). Conclusion:As the findings indicated, T. mentagrophytes/T. interdigitale species complex had the highest prevalence, and T. benhamiae appeared to be a new emerging agent of dermatophytosis in Mashhad, northeastern Iran.

SUBMITTER: Ebrahimi M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6626711 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Epidemiology of dermatophytosis in northeastern Iran; A subtropical region.

Ebrahimi Maryam M Zarrinfar Hossein H Naseri Ali A Najafzadeh Mohammad Javad MJ Fata Abdolmajid A Parian Mahmoud M Khorsand Imaneh I Novak Babič Monika M

Current medical mycology 20190601 2

<h4>Background and purpose</h4>Dermatophytes as the causative agents of dermatophytosis (ringworm) are widely spread around the world. Accurate identification of dermatophytes in one area can be particularly important for epidemiological studies. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to describe the species spectrum of dermatophytes, isolated from patients in Mashhad city, Iran, using the molecular-based method.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>This study was conducted on 79 dermatophyte ...[more]

PMID: 31321333

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Project description:BackgroundDermatophytosis is a common global superficial mycosis caused by a group of keratinophilic moulds known as dermatophytes that invade the skin and keratinized tissues such as hair and nails of humans and animals. This study takes identification of a collection of clinical dermatophyte isolates by using partial sequencing of translation elongation factor-1α (Tef-1α) gene aiming both to update the epidemiological status of dermatophytosis in Mashhad, Northeastern Iran and to corroborate the efficacy of Tef-1α for species-level identification of dermatophytes.MethodThe demographic data related to 87 culture-positive dermatophytes isolated from patients clinically suspected to have dermatophytosis were collected. The dermatophyte isolates were subjected to a partial polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing of Tef-1α gene by using specific pan-dermatophyte primers. The data were analysed by SeqMan software, the sequences were compared and aligned with the GenBank database and the isolates were identified.ResultsIdentification based on Tef-1α partial sequence was successful for all isolates. The identified dermatophyte isolates in decreasing order were as Trichophyton interdigitale 19 (22%), T. tonsurans 19 (22%), T. mentagrophytes 13 (15%), T. persicum 10 (11.5%), Epidermophyton floccosum 9 (10.3%), Microsporum canis 7 (8%), T. rubrum 5 (5.7%), T. violaceum 2 (2.2%), Nannizzia fulva 2 (2.2%) and N. persicolor 1 (1.1%). The isolates have been associated with clinical forms of tinea corporis (n = 38; 43.7%), tinea faciei (n = 13; 15%), tinea cruris (n = 12; 13.9%), tinea manuum (n = 7; 8%), tinea unguium (n = 7; 8%), tinea capitis (n = 7; 8%) and tinea pedis (n = 3; 3.4%).ConclusionDermatophytosis has yet remained a public health problem in Northeastern Iran, and infection with new and less frequent species, e.g., T. persicum, N. fulva and N. persicolor have emerged. The Tef-1α gene partial sequencing reconfirmed the resolution power of this locus for the determination of species boundaries in dermatophytes.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Mizoram, a northeastern state in India, shares international borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh and is considered to be one of the key routes through which drug-resistant parasites of Southeast Asia enter mainland India. Despite its strategic location and importance, malaria epidemiology and molecular status of chloroquine resistance had not been well documented, and since chloroquine (CQ), as the first-line treatment in Plasmodium falciparum infection was discontinued since 2008, it was expected that CQ-sensitive haplotype would be more abundant. METHODS:Malaria epidemiology data for the period 2010 to 2018 was collected from the office of State Vector Disease Control Programme. Plasmodium falciparum-positive blood samples were collected from government district hospitals, community health centres, primary health centres, sub-centres, and diagnostic centres from six malaria-prone districts. The samples were processed and analysed using genes-P. falciparum chloroquine-resistant transporter (pfcrt) and P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) via sequencing of PCR amplicon from 2015 to 2017. RESULTS:Malaria occurred throughout the year and P. falciparum accounted for > 89% of total malaria cases. During 2010-2018, the highest number of malaria incidence was recorded in Lawngtlai (36% of total malaria cases; average API2010-2018 of 34.8) while Champhai remained consistently low (0.4%; average API2010-2018 of 0.04). Males of ≥ 15 years old contributed maximum (35.7%) among gender and age malarial distribution recorded during 2014-2018. Death due to malaria gradually decreased over the years. A higher abundance of mutated pfcrt (58.5% of the total sample analysed) and a lower prevalence of mutated pfmdr1 (48.7%) were observed. All mutations identified for pfcrt belong to the Southeast Asian CVIET haplotype. Only a single point mutation was observed at 86 (N → Y) position in pfmdr1 (48.7%). The key N86Y mutation in pfmdr1 that had been shown to modulate CQR was found in 67.1% of the samples positive for the CVIET haplotype. CONCLUSIONS:This is the first report that details malaria epidemiology and also the molecular status of CQ-resistance in P. falciparum population of the region. The efforts of the State Vector Borne Disease Control Programme have proved to be quite effective in controlling the malaria burden in the state. Despite the discontinuation of CQ for a decade, local P. falciparum is observed with decreased CQ-sensitive haplotype. It is believed that the present findings will form a basis for further studies on genetic diversity in P. falciparum, which could confer better understanding of the complexity of the disease in Southeast Asia.

Project description:BackgroundDermatophytes are a homogeneous group of species with low genetic diversity, and there are still many uncertainties about the boundaries among species.ObjectivesAiming at clarifying the relationships among species in the genus and introducing suitable genes for multilocus sequence typing (MLST), a new MLST scheme approach was developed to characterize the major pathogenic dermatophytes.MethodsWe performed maximum parsimony (MP), MrBayes, RAxML, and eBURST analyses, based on the MLST scheme to scrutinize the evolution within 95 clinical isolates and four reference strains belonging to the four major dermatophytes species. Then, the discriminatory power, pairwise genetic distances, ratio dN/dS, and sequence types (STs) of these isolates were determined. Also, to study taxonomy, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), Beta-tubulin (BT2 ), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α) genes of other dermatophytes species available in the GenBank were analyzed.ResultsFindings of the present study indicated that three genes: BT2, ITS, and TEF-1α, which showed the greatest diversity among dermatophyte species, were suitable for MLST. The most prevalent STs were seen among the species of Trichophyton interdigitale. Also, two new genotypes, i.e., XXVII and XXVIII, were introduced for T. interdigitale and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The least informative sites were found in Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and T. mentagrophytes, while the most informative sites were observed in T. interdigitale. Furthermore, the most informative locus was TEF-1α. The phylogenetic tree, constructed by the combination of the three genes, shows a new topological pattern that confirms the derivation of the anthropophilic and zoophilic genera from the geophilic genus. Also, the phylogenetic analyses and pairwise distances of the combination of the three loci showed that Trichophyton tonsurans and Trichophyton equinum were a species complex, where T. equinum is derived from T. tonsurans.ConclusionsResults of this study showed that MLST is very effective in determining the boundaries between species and taxonomy. Considering that there is no database for MLST dermatophytes, further studies are needed to determine the suitable genes for MLST. Also, the determination of STs in epidemiological studies and raising epidemiological information are helpful. This study was a new starting point to determine the ST and a foundation for a dermatophyte MLST database.

Project description:BackgroundWest Nile virus (WNV) has spread across North, Central, and South America since its introduction in 1999. At the start of this spread, Florida was considered a potentially important area with regards to transmission due to its geographic, climatological, and demographic conditions. Curiously, the anticipated high levels of transmission or disease outbreaks have not been observed. As other studies have predicted that the lack of intense WNV transmission is not due to vector incompetence, we sought to evaluate the role of viral strain diversity in WNV transmission in Florida. Therefore, a phylogentic analysis was carried out on several isolates collected from three distinct locations in Florida.ResultsContrasting with a positive control collected in Indian River County, Florida during 2003 that contains the original NY99 genotype with valanine at amino acid 159 of the envelope region, all of the isolates collected in 2005 contain the WN02 genotype composed of a substation with alanine at that position indicating the window of introduction of the WN02 genotype occurred between 2003 and 2005. From the eight isolates collected in Duval, Indian River, and Manatee Counties; there is also a silent nucleotide substitution that differentiates the isolates collected on the Atlantic side of the state compared to the isolate collected on the Gulf side, which groups closer to isolates from other locations near the Gulf.ConclusionAs a whole, the Florida isolates contained numerous variable nucleotide and amino acid sites from the reference sequences, as well as each other; indicating greater nucleotide diversity within the Florida 2005 isolates than within other regions. Finally, a series of three amino acid substitutions surrounding a set of histidines located in the envelope coding region that hypothesized to play a role in conformational changes was found in the isolate collected in Indian River County, perhaps changing the antigenicity of the homodimer. Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of the temporal and spatial compartmentalization of West Nile virus subtypes within North America.

Dataset Information

Epidemiology of dermatophytosis in northeastern Iran; A subtropical region.

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Epidemiology of dermatophytosis in northeastern Iran; A subtropical region.

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