Dataset Information

Lingual Hypoglossal Reflex: An Unusual Reflex of Head and Neck.

ABSTRACT: Introduction:Oral-pharyngeal reflexes demonstrate a wide range of complexities due to their intricate synaptic pattern. Most of the reflexes are protective in nature such as preventing aspiration. These reflexes in oral cavity affect the muscles and can be evoked either in isolation or in combination in order to achieve a specific response. Certain sensory inputs induce an entire motor behavior pattern as seen in lingual hypoglossal reflex. Materials and Methods:A case report depicting this reflex have been presented. To our knowledge, this is the first case documented in a living human. Along with this, cadaveric studies have been also done in fifteen specimens. Results:Extralingual anastomosis between lingual nerve and hypoglossal nerve were found in six specimens. Conclusion:Hereby, we present a clinical paper of this unusual phenomenon which has not been documented in the literature.

SUBMITTER: John RR

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6639455 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Lingual Hypoglossal Reflex: An Unusual Reflex of Head and Neck.

John Reena Rachel RR Chandrasekaran Balamanikandasrinivasan B Murugadoss Pathumai P

Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery 20181001 3

<h4>Introduction</h4>Oral-pharyngeal reflexes demonstrate a wide range of complexities due to their intricate synaptic pattern. Most of the reflexes are protective in nature such as preventing aspiration. These reflexes in oral cavity affect the muscles and can be evoked either in isolation or in combination in order to achieve a specific response. Certain sensory inputs induce an entire motor behavior pattern as seen in lingual hypoglossal reflex.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>A case report depi ...[more]

PMID: 31371875

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Project description:The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in pain processing and modulation. Since the specific effects of endocannabinoids within the orofacial area are largely unknown, we aimed to determine whether an increase in the endocannabinoid concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) caused by the peripheral administration of the FAAH inhibitor URB597 and tooth pulp stimulation would affect the transmission of impulses between the sensory and motor centers localized in the vicinity of the third and fourth cerebral ventricles. The study objectives were evaluated on rats using a method that allowed the recording of the amplitude of evoked tongue jerks (ETJ) in response to noxious tooth pulp stimulation and URB597 treatment. The amplitude of ETJ was a measure of the effect of endocannabinoids on the neural structures. The concentrations of the endocannabinoids tested (AEA and 2-AG) were determined in the CSF, along with the expression of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in the tissues of the mesencephalon, thalamus, and hypothalamus. We demonstrated that anandamide (AEA), but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), was significantly increased in the CSF after treatment with a FAAH inhibitor, while tooth pulp stimulation had no effect on the AEA and 2-AG concentrations in the CSF. We also found positive correlations between the CSF AEA concentration and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) expression in the brain, and between 2-AG and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R), and negative correlations between the CSF concentration of AEA and brain CB2R expression, and between 2-AG and CB1R. Our study shows that endogenous AEA, which diffuses through the cerebroventricular ependyma into CSF and exerts a modulatory effect mediated by CB1Rs, alters the properties of neurons in the trigeminal sensory nuclei, interneurons, and motoneurons of the hypoglossal nerve. In addition, our findings may be consistent with the emerging concept that AEA and 2-AG have different regulatory mechanisms because they are involved differently in orofacial pain. We also suggest that FAAH inhibition may offer a therapeutic approach to the treatment of orofacial pain.

Dataset Information

Lingual Hypoglossal Reflex: An Unusual Reflex of Head and Neck.

Publications

Lingual Hypoglossal Reflex: An Unusual Reflex of Head and Neck.

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