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Synthesis of Chloride-Free Potash Fertilized by Ionic Metathesis Using Four-Compartment Electrodialysis Salt Engineering.

ABSTRACT: A sustainable approach for the production of high-purity potash fertilizers devoid of chloride is highly needed. Conventional preparation processes for chloride-free potash fertilizers have certain limitations, such as complicated synthesis procedure, including high-temperature requirement, causing environmental pollution. In this work, a novel approach has been proposed for the production of high-purity potash fertilizer (KNO3, K2SO4, and KH2PO4) from KCl by metathesis electrodialysis (MED). Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)-based cation-exchange membrane and quaternized brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)-based anion-exchange membranes are used for the MED experiments. The membranes show adequate water uptake, ionic conductivity, and ion-exchange capacity with good mechanical and thermal stabilities. The yields of KNO3, K2SO4, and KH2PO4 are found to be 90, 86, and 90%, respectively. The power consumptions during MED experiment for KNO3, K2SO4, and KH2PO4 are calculated to 0.94, 0.89, and 1.04 kWh/kg, respectively. The purity of products is confirmed by inductively coupled plasma and X-ray diffraction analysis and by measuring ionic contents. The process provides an energy-intensive way for high-purity synthesis of KNO3, K2SO4, and KH2PO4.

SUBMITTER: Sharma PP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6644345 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Synthesis of Chloride-Free Potash Fertilized by Ionic Metathesis Using Four-Compartment Electrodialysis Salt Engineering.

Sharma Prem P PP Yadav Vikrant V Rajput Abhishek A Kulshrestha Vaibhav V

ACS omega 20180626 6

A sustainable approach for the production of high-purity potash fertilizers devoid of chloride is highly needed. Conventional preparation processes for chloride-free potash fertilizers have certain limitations, such as complicated synthesis procedure, including high-temperature requirement, causing environmental pollution. In this work, a novel approach has been proposed for the production of high-purity potash fertilizer (KNO3, K2SO4, and KH2PO4< ...[more]

PMID: 31458858

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Project description:Natural salinity gradients are a promising source of so-called "blue energy", a renewable energy source that utilizes the free energy of mixing for power generation. One promising blue energy technology that converts these salinity gradients directly into electricity is reverse electrodialysis (RED). Used at its full potential, it could provide a substantial portion of the world's electricity consumption. Previous theoretical and experimental works have been done on optimizing RED devices, with the latter often focusing on precious and expensive metal electrodes. However, in order to rationally design and apply RED devices, we need to investigate all related transport phenomena─especially the fluidics of salinity gradient mixing and the redox electrolyte at various concentrations, which can have complex intertwined effects─in a fully functioning and scalable system. Here, guided by fundamental electrochemical and fluid dynamics theories, we work with an iron-based redox electrolyte with carbon electrodes in a RED device with tunable microfluidic environments and study the fundamental effects of electrolyte concentration and flow rate on the potential-driven redox activity and power output. We focus on optimizing the net power output, which is the difference between the gross power output generated by the RED device and the pumping power input, needed for salinity gradient mixing and redox electrolyte reactions. We find through this holistic approach that the electrolyte concentration in the electrode rinse solution is crucial for increasing the electrical current, while the pumping power input depends nonlinearly on the membrane separation distance. Finally, from this understanding, we designed a five cell-pair (CP) RED device that achieved a net power density of 224 mW m-2 CP-1, a 60% improvement compared to the nonoptimized case. This study highlights the importance of the electrode rinse solution fluidics and composition when rationally designing RED devices based on scalable carbon-based electrodes.

Dataset Information

Synthesis of Chloride-Free Potash Fertilized by Ionic Metathesis Using Four-Compartment Electrodialysis Salt Engineering.

Publications

Synthesis of Chloride-Free Potash Fertilized by Ionic Metathesis Using Four-Compartment Electrodialysis Salt Engineering.

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