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HCV core protein and virus assembly: what we know without structures.

ABSTRACT: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in a progressive disease that may end in cirrhosis and, eventually, in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the last several years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the HCV life cycle and in the development of small molecule compounds for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Nevertheless, the complete understanding of HCV assembly and particle release as well as the detailed characterization and structure of HCV particles is still missing. One of the most important events in the HCV assembly is the nucleocapsid formation which is driven by the core protein, that can oligomerize upon interaction with viral RNA, and is orchestrated by viral and host proteins. Despite a growing number of new factors involved in HCV assembly process, we do not know the three-dimensional structure of the core protein or its topology in the nucleocapsid. Since the core protein contains a hydrophobic C-terminal domain responsible for the binding to cellular membranes, the assembly pathway of HCV virions might proceed via coassembly at endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Recently, new mechanisms involving viral proteins and host factors in HCV particle formation and egress have been described. The present review aims to summarize the advances in our understanding of HCV assembly with an emphasis on the core protein as a structural component of virus particles that possesses the ability to interact with a variety of cellular components and is potentially an attractive target for the development of a novel class of anti-HCV agents.

SUBMITTER: Gawlik K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6659715 | biostudies-literature | 2014 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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HCV core protein and virus assembly: what we know without structures.

Gawlik Katarzyna K Gallay Philippe A PA

Immunologic research 20141001 1

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in a progressive disease that may end in cirrhosis and, eventually, in hepatocellular carcinoma. In the last several years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the HCV life cycle and in the development of small molecule compounds for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Nevertheless, the complete understanding of HCV assembly and particle release as well as the detailed characterization and structure of HCV particles is still miss ...[more]

PMID: 24557493

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Project description:The hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid or core protein (Cp) can self-assemble to form an icosahedral capsid. It is now being pursued as a target for small-molecule antivirals that enhance the rate and extent of its assembly to yield empty and/or aberrant capsids. These small molecules are thus called core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs). We sought to understand the physical basis of CpAM-resistant mutants and how CpAMs might overcome them. We examined the effects of two closely related CpAMs, HAP12 and HAP13, which differ by a single atom but have drastically different antiviral activities, on the assembly of wild-type Cp and three T109 mutants (T109M, T109I, and T109S) that display a range of resistances. The T109 side chain forms part of the mouth of the CpAM binding pocket. A T109 mutant that has substantial resistance even to a highly active CpAM strongly promotes normal assembly. Conversely, a mutant that weakens assembly is more susceptible to CpAMs. In crystal and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of T=4 capsids with bound CpAMs, the CpAMs preferentially fit into two of four quasi-equivalent sites. In these static representations of capsid structures, T109 does not interact with the neighboring subunit. However, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of an intact capsid show that T109 of one of the four classes of CpAM site has a hydrophobic contact with the neighboring subunit at least 40% of the time, providing a physical explanation for the mutation's ability to affect capsid stability, assembly, and sensitivity to CpAMs.IMPORTANCE The HBV core protein and its assembly into capsids have become important targets for development of core protein allosteric modulators (CpAMs) as antivirals. Naturally occurring T109 mutants have been shown to be resistant to some of these CpAMs. We found that mutation of T109 led to changes in capsid stability and recapitulated resistance to a weak CpAM, but much less so than to a strong CpAM. Examination of HBV capsid structures, determined by cryo-EM and crystallography, could not explain how T109 mutations change capsid stability and resistance. However, by mining data from a microsecond-long all-atom molecular dynamics simulation, we found that the capsid was extraordinarily flexible and that T109 can impede entry to the CpAM binding site. In short, HBV capsids are incredibly dynamic and molecular mobility must be considered in discussions of antiviral mechanisms.

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HCV core protein and virus assembly: what we know without structures.

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HCV core protein and virus assembly: what we know without structures.

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