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Dietary glucosinolates and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 prospective cohort studies.

ABSTRACT: Background:Glucosinolates are a group of phytochemicals that are abundant in cruciferous vegetables and precursors of the potentially chemopreventive isothiocyanates. Isothiocyanates may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, but little is known regarding the association between glucosinolate intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective:To evaluate the association between the intake of glucosinolates and the incidence of T2D in US men and women. Design:This prospective cohort study investigated 200,907 women and men [71,256 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1984-2012), 88,293 women from the NHS II (1991-2013), and 41,358 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2012)] who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed using validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. Self-reported T2D incidence was confirmed by a supplementary questionnaire. Results:During follow-up in the 3 cohorts, we accumulated 4,303,750 person-years and 16,567 incident cases of T2D. After adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors for T2D, participants in the highest quintile of total glucosinolate intake had a 19% higher risk (95% CI: 13%, 25%; Ptrend < 0.001) of T2D than did those in the lowest quintile. The intake of 3 major glucosinolate subtypes was consistently and significantly associated with T2D risk, with pooled HRs ranging from 1.13 to 1.18 (all Ptrend < 0.001). A significant association was also observed between total cruciferous vegetable consumption and T2D (HR: 1.16; 95% CI :1.07, 1.25; Ptrend < 0.001). These associations persisted in subgroups defined by demographic, lifestyle, and other dietary factors. Conclusions:Dietary glucosinolate intake was associated with a moderately higher risk of T2D in US adults. These results need to be replicated in further investigations, including biomarker-based studies. Mechanistic research is also needed to understand the relation between exposures to glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and other metabolites with T2D risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03366532.

SUBMITTER: Ma L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6669329 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Dietary glucosinolates and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 prospective cohort studies.

Ma Le L Liu Gang G Sampson Laura L Willett Walter C WC Hu Frank B FB Sun Qi Q

The American journal of clinical nutrition 20180401 4

<h4>Background</h4>Glucosinolates are a group of phytochemicals that are abundant in cruciferous vegetables and precursors of the potentially chemopreventive isothiocyanates. Isothiocyanates may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, but little is known regarding the association between glucosinolate intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).<h4>Objective</h4>To evaluate the association between the intake of glucosinolates and the incidence of T2D in US men and women.<h4>Design</h4>This prospe ...[more]

PMID: 29635498

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Project description:ObjectiveTo determine whether individual fruits are differentially associated with risk of type 2 diabetes.DesignProspective longitudinal cohort study.SettingHealth professionals in the United States.Participants66,105 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2008), 85,104 women from the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2009), and 36,173 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008) who were free of major chronic diseases at baseline in these studies.Main outcome measureIncident cases of type 2 diabetes, identified through self report and confirmed by supplementary questionnaires.ResultsDuring 3,464,641 person years of follow-up, 12,198 participants developed type 2 diabetes. After adjustment for personal, lifestyle, and dietary risk factors of diabetes, the pooled hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes for every three servings/week of total whole fruit consumption was 0.98 (95% confidence interval 0.97 [corrected] to 0.99). With mutual adjustment of individual fruits, the pooled hazard ratios of type 2 diabetes for every three servings/week were 0.74 (0.66 to 0.83) for blueberries, 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) for grapes and raisins, 0.89 (0.79 to 1.01) for prunes, 0.93 (0.90 to 0.96) for apples and pears, 0.95 (0.91 to 0.98) for bananas, 0.95 (0.91 to 0.99) for grapefruit, 0.97 (0.92 to 1.02) for peaches, plums, and apricots, 0.99 (0.95 to 1.03) for oranges, 1.03 (0.96 to 1.10) for strawberries, and 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) for cantaloupe. The pooled hazard ratio for the same increment in fruit juice consumption was 1.08 (1.05 to 1.11). The associations with risk of type 2 diabetes differed significantly among individual fruits (P<0.001 in all cohorts).ConclusionOur findings suggest the presence of heterogeneity in the associations between individual fruit consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Greater consumption of specific whole fruits, particularly blueberries, grapes, and apples, is significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, whereas greater consumption of fruit juice is associated with a higher risk.

Project description:BackgroundStudies focusing on dietary pesticides in population-based samples are scarce and little is known about potential mixture effects. We aimed to assess associations between dietary pesticide exposure profiles and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) among NutriNet-Santé cohort participants.MethodsParticipants completed a Food Frequency Questionnaire at baseline, assessing conventional and organic food consumption. Exposures to 25 active substances used in European Union pesticides were estimated using the Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart residue database accounting for farming practices. T2D were identified through several sources. Exposure profiles were established using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), adapted for sparse data. Cox models adjusted for known confounders were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), for the associations between four NMF components, divided into quintiles (Q) and T2D risk.ResultsThe sample comprised 33,013 participants aged 53 years old on average, including 76% of women. During follow-up (median: 5.95 years), 340 incident T2D cases were diagnosed. Positive associations were detected between NMF component 1 (reflecting highest exposure to several synthetic pesticides) and T2D risk on the whole sample: HRQ5vsQ1 = 1.47, 95% CI (1.00, 2.18). NMF Component 3 (reflecting low exposure to several synthetic pesticides) was associated with a decrease in T2D risk, among those with high dietary quality only (high adherence to French dietary guidelines, including high plant foods consumption): HRQ5vsQ1 = 0.31, 95% CI (0.10, 0.94).ConclusionsThese findings suggest a role of dietary pesticide exposure in T2D risk, with different effects depending on which types of pesticide mixture participants are exposed to. These associations need to be confirmed in other types of studies and settings, and could have important implications for developing prevention strategies (regulation, dietary guidelines).Trial registrationThis study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT03335644 ).

Project description:Recently, some studies have focused on the relationship between dietary protein intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but the conclusions have been inconsistent. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies regarding protein consumption and T2DM risk are conducted in order to present the association between them. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases for cohort studies on dietary protein, high-protein food consumption and risk of T2DM, up to July 2017. A summary of relative risks was compiled by the fixed-effect model or random-effect model. Eleven cohort studies regarded protein intake and T2DM (52,637 cases among 483,174 participants). The summary RR and 95% CI (Confidence Interval) of T2DM was 1.12 (1.08-1.17) in all subjects, 1.13 (1.04-1.24) in men, and 1.09 (1.04-1.15) in women for total protein;1.14 (1.09-1.19) in all subjects, 1.23 (1.09-1.38) in men, and 1.11 (1.03-1.19) in women for animal protein; 0.96 (0.88-1.06) in all subjects, 0.98 (0.72-1.34) in men, and 0.92 (0.86-0.98) in women for plant protein. We also compared the association between different food sources of protein and the risk of T2DM. The summary RR (Relative Risk) and 95% CI of T2DM was 1.22 (1.09-1.36) for red meat, 1.39 (1.29-1.49) for processed meat, 1.03 (0.89-1.17) for fish, 1.03 (0.64-1.67) for egg, 0.89 (0.84-0.94) for total dairy products, 0.87 (0.78-0.96) for whole milk, 0.83 (0.70-0.98) for yogurt, 0.74 (0.59-0.93) in women for soy. This meta-analysis shows that total protein and animal protein could increase the risk of T2DM in both males and females, and plant protein decreases the risk of T2DM in females. The association between high-protein food types and T2DM are also different. Red meat and processed meat are risk factors of T2DM, and soy, dairy and dairy products are the protective factors of T2DM. Egg and fish intake are not associated with a decreased risk of T2DM. This research indicates the type of dietary protein and food sources of protein that should be considered for the prevention of diabetes.

Project description:Low-carbohydrate diets (LCDs) have been vastly popular for weight loss. The association between a low-carbohydrate dietary pattern and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unknown.We aimed to prospectively examine the association of 3 prepregnancy low-carbohydrate dietary patterns with risk of GDM.We included 21,411 singleton pregnancies in the Nurses' Health Study II. Prepregnancy LCD scores were calculated from validated food-frequency questionnaires, including an overall LCD score on the basis of intakes of carbohydrate, total protein, and total fat; an animal LCD score on the basis of intakes of carbohydrate, animal protein, and animal fat; and a vegetable LCD score on the basis of intakes of carbohydrate, vegetable protein, and vegetable fat. A higher score reflected a higher intake of fat and protein and a lower intake of carbohydrate, and it indicated closer adherence to a low-carbohydrate dietary pattern. RRs and 95% CIs were estimated by using generalized estimating equations with log-binomial models.We documented 867 incident GDM pregnancies during 10 y follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted RRs (95% CIs) of GDM for comparisons of highest with lowest quartiles were 1.27 (1.06, 1.51) for the overall LCD score (P-trend = 0.03), 1.36 (1.13, 1.64) for the animal LCD score (P-trend = 0.003), and 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) for the vegetable LCD score (P-trend = 0.08). Associations between LCD scores and GDM risk were not significantly modified by age, parity, family history of diabetes, physical activity, or overweight status.A prepregnancy low-carbohydrate dietary pattern with high protein and fat from animal-food sources is positively associated with GDM risk, whereas a prepregnancy low-carbohydrate dietary pattern with high protein and fat from vegetable food sources is not associated with the risk. Women of reproductive age who follow a low-carbohydrate dietary pattern may consider consuming vegetable rather than animal sources of protein and fat to minimize their risk of GDM.

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Dietary glucosinolates and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 prospective cohort studies.

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Dietary glucosinolates and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 prospective cohort studies.

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