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Methods to include persons living with HIV not receiving HIV care in the Medical Monitoring Project.

ABSTRACT: The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is an HIV surveillance system that provides national estimates of HIV-related behaviors and clinical outcomes. When first implemented, MMP excluded persons living with HIV not receiving HIV care. This analysis will describe new case-surveillance-based methods to identify and recruit persons living with HIV who are out of care and at elevated risk for mortality and ongoing HIV transmission. Stratified random samples of all persons living with HIV were selected from the National HIV Surveillance System in five public health jurisdictions from 2012-2014. Sampled persons were located and contacted through seven different data sources and five methods of contact to collect interviews and medical record abstractions. Data were weighted for non-response and case reporting delay. The modified sampling methodology yielded 1159 interviews (adjusted response rate, 44.5%) and matching medical record abstractions for 1087 (93.8%). Of persons with both interview and medical record data, 264 (24.3%) would not have been included using prior MMP methods. Significant predictors were identified for successful contact (e.g., retention in care, adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 5.02; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.98-12.73), interview (e.g. moving out of jurisdiction, aOR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12-0.46) and case reporting delay (e.g. rural residence, aOR 3.18; 95% CI: 2.09-4.85). Case-surveillance-based sampling resulted in a comparable response rate to existing MMP methods while providing information on an important new population. These methods have since been adopted by the nationally representative MMP surveillance system, offering a model for public health program, research and surveillance endeavors seeking inclusion of all persons living with HIV.

SUBMITTER: Wei SC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6675081 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Methods to include persons living with HIV not receiving HIV care in the Medical Monitoring Project.

Wei Stanley C SC Messina Lauren L Hood Julia J Hughes Alison A Jaenicke Thomas T Johnson Kendra K Mena Leandro L Scheer Susan S Udeagu Chi-Chi CC Wohl Amy A Robertson McKaylee M Prejean Joseph J Chen Mi M Tang Tian T Bertolli Jeanne J Johnson Christopher H CH Skarbinski Jacek J

PloS one 20190801 8

The Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is an HIV surveillance system that provides national estimates of HIV-related behaviors and clinical outcomes. When first implemented, MMP excluded persons living with HIV not receiving HIV care. This analysis will describe new case-surveillance-based methods to identify and recruit persons living with HIV who are out of care and at elevated risk for mortality and ongoing HIV transmission. Stratified random samples of all persons living with HIV were selected ...[more]

PMID: 31369574

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Project description:ObjectivesThe Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) is a public health surveillance system that provides representative estimates of the experiences and behaviors of adults with diagnosed HIV in the United States. In 2015, the sample design and frame of MMP changed from a system that only included HIV patients to one that captures the experiences of persons receiving and not receiving HIV care. We describe methods investigated for calculating survey weights, the approach chosen, and the benefits of using a dynamic surveillance registry as a sampling frame.MethodsMMP samples adults with diagnosed HIV from the National HIV Surveillance System, the HIV case surveillance registry for the United States. In the methodological study presented in this manuscript, we compared methods that account for sample design and nonresponse, including weighting class adjustment vs. propensity weighting and a single-stage nonresponse adjustment vs. sequential adjustments for noncontact and nonresponse. We investigated how best to adjust for non-coverage using surveillance data to post-stratify estimates.ResultsAfter assessing these methods, we chose as our preferred procedure weighting class adjustments and a single-stage nonresponse adjustment. Classes were constructed using variables associated with respondents' characteristics and important survey outcomes, chief among them laboratory results available from surveillance that served as a proxy for medical care.ConclusionsMMPs weighting procedures reduced sample bias by leveraging auxiliary information on medical care available from the surveillance registry sampling frame. Expanding MMPs population of focus provides important information on characteristics of persons with diagnosed HIV that complement the information provided by the surveillance registry. MMP methods can be applied to other disease registries or population-monitoring systems when more detailed information is needed for a population, with the detailed information obtained efficiently from a representative sample of the population covered by the registry.

Project description:BackgroundWith increased life expectancy for HIV-infected persons, there is concern regarding comorbid depression because of its common occurrence and association with behaviors that may facilitate HIV transmission. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of current depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care and assess the burden of major depression, relative to that in the general population.Methods and findingsWe used data from the Medical Monitoring Project (MMP) and the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System (BRFSS). The eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used to identify depression. To assess the burden of major depression among HIV-infected persons receiving care, we compared the prevalence of current major depression between the MMP and BRFSS populations using stratified analyses that simultaneously controlled for gender and, in turn, each of the potentially confounding demographic factors of age, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Each unadjusted comparison was summarized as a prevalence ratio (PR), and each of the adjusted comparisons was summarized as a standardized prevalence ratio (SPR). Among HIV-infected persons receiving care, the prevalence of a current episode of major depression and other depression, respectively, was 12.4% (95% CI: 11.2, 13.7) and 13.2% (95% CI: 12.0%, 14.4%). Overall, the PR comparing the prevalence of current major depression between HIV-infected persons receiving care and the general population was 3.1. When controlling for gender and each of the factors age, race/ethnicity, and education, the SPR (3.3, 3.0, and 2.9, respectively) was similar to the PR. However, when controlling for gender and annual household income, the SPR decreased to 1.5.ConclusionsDepression remains a common comorbidity among HIV-infected persons. The overall excess burden among HIV-infected persons receiving care is about three-times that among the general population and is associated with differences in annual household income between the two populations. Relevant efforts are needed to reduce this burden.

Project description:BackgroundOptimizing retention in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment may require sequential behavioral interventions based on patients' response.MethodsIn a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial in Kenya, we randomly assigned adults initiating HIV treatment to standard of care (SOC), Short Message Service (SMS) messages, or conditional cash transfers (CCT). Those with retention lapse (missed a clinic visit by ≥14 days) were randomly assigned again to standard-of-care outreach (SOC-Outreach), SMS+CCT, or peer navigation. Those randomly assigned to SMS or CCT who did not lapse after 1 year were randomly assigned again to either stop or continue the initial intervention. Primary outcomes were retention in care without an initial lapse, return to the clinic among those who lapsed, and time in care; secondary outcomes included adjudicated viral suppression. Average treatment effect (ATE) was calculated using targeted maximum likelihood estimation with adjustment for baseline characteristics at randomization and certain time-varying characteristics at rerandomization.ResultsAmong 1809 participants, 79.7% of those randomly assigned to CCT (n=523/656), 71.7% to SMS (n=393/548), and 70.7% to SOC (n=428/605) were retained in care in the first year (ATE: 9.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.4%, 14.4% and ATE: 4.2%; 95% CI: -0.7%, 9.2% for CCT and SMS compared with SOC, respectively). Among 312 participants with an initial lapse who were randomly assigned again, 69.1% who were randomly assigned to a navigator (n=76/110) returned, 69.5% randomly assigned to CCT+SMS (n=73/105) returned, and 55.7% randomly assigned to SOC-Outreach (n=54/97) returned (ATE: 14.1%; 95% CI: 0.6%, 27.6% and ATE: 11.4%; 95% CI: -2.2%, 24.9% for navigator and CCT+SMS compared with SOC-Outreach, respectively). Among participants without lapse on SMS, continuing SMS did not affect retention (n=122/180; 67.8% retained) versus stopping (n=151/209; 72.2% retained; ATE: -4.4%; 95% CI: -16.6%, 7.9%). Among participants without lapse on CCT, those continuing CCT had higher retention (n=192/230; 83.5% retained) than those stopping (n=173/287; 60.3% retained; ATE: 28.6%; 95% CI: 19.9%, 37.3%). Among 15 sequenced strategies, initial CCT, escalated to navigator if lapse occurred and continued if no lapse occurred, increased time in care (ATE: 7.2%, 95% CI: 3.7%, 10.7%) and viral suppression (ATE: 8.2%, 95% CI: 2.2%, 14.2%), the most compared with SOC throughout. Initial SMS escalated to navigator if lapse occurred, and otherwise continued, showed similar effect sizes compared with SOC throughout.ConclusionsActive interventions to prevent retention lapses followed by navigation for those who lapse and maintenance of initial intervention for those without lapse resulted in best overall retention and viral suppression among the strategies studied. Among those who remained in care, discontinuation of CCT, but not SMS, compromised retention and suppression. (Funded by National Institutes of Health grants R01 MH104123, K24 AI134413, and R01 AI074345; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02338739.).

Dataset Information

Methods to include persons living with HIV not receiving HIV care in the Medical Monitoring Project.

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Methods to include persons living with HIV not receiving HIV care in the Medical Monitoring Project.

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