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Listeners can anticipate future segments before they identify the current one.

ABSTRACT: Speech unfolds rapidly over time, and the information necessary to recognize even a single phoneme may not be available simultaneously. Consequently, listeners must both integrate prior acoustic cues and anticipate future segments. Prior work on stop consonants and vowels suggests that listeners integrate asynchronous cues by partially activating lexical entries as soon as any information is available, and then updating this when later cues arrive. However, a recent study suggests that for the voiceless sibilant fricatives (/s/ and /?/), listeners wait to initiate lexical access until all cues have arrived at the onset of the vowel. Sibilants also contain coarticulatory cues that could be used to anticipate the vowel upcoming. However, given these results, it is unclear if listeners could use them fast enough to speed vowel recognition. The current study examines anticipation by asking when listeners use coarticulatory information in the frication to predict the upcoming vowel. A visual world paradigm experiment found that listeners do not wait: they anticipate the vowel immediately from the onset of the frication, even as they wait several hundred milliseconds to identify the fricative. This finding suggests listeners do not strictly process phonemes in the order that they appear; rather the dynamics of language processing may be largely internal and only loosely coupled to the dynamics of the input.

SUBMITTER: Schreiber KE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6688751 | biostudies-literature | 2019 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Listeners can anticipate future segments before they identify the current one.

Schreiber Kayleen E KE McMurray Bob B

Attention, perception & psychophysics 20190501 4

Speech unfolds rapidly over time, and the information necessary to recognize even a single phoneme may not be available simultaneously. Consequently, listeners must both integrate prior acoustic cues and anticipate future segments. Prior work on stop consonants and vowels suggests that listeners integrate asynchronous cues by partially activating lexical entries as soon as any information is available, and then updating this when later cues arrive. However, a recent study suggests that for the v ...[more]

PMID: 31087271

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Project description:Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory therapy for asthma yet are relatively ineffective in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation via several molecular mechanisms. Glucocorticoids suppress the multiple inflammatory genes that are activated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, by reversing histone acetylation of activated inflammatory genes through binding of ligand-bound glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to co-activator molecules and recruitment of histone deacetylase-2 to the activated inflammatory gene transcription complex (trans-repression). At higher concentrations of glucocorticoids GR homodimers interact with DNA recognition sites to activate transcription through increased histone acetylation of anti-inflammatory genes and transcription of several genes linked to glucocorticoid side effects (trans-activation). Glucocorticoids also have post-transcriptional effects and decrease stability of some pro-inflammatory mRNA species. Decreased glucocorticoid responsiveness is found in patients with severe asthma and asthmatics who smoke, as well as in all patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance have now been identified which involve post-translational modifications of GR. Histone deacetylase-2 is markedly reduced in activity and expression as a result of oxidative/nitrative stress so that inflammation becomes resistant to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Dissociated glucocorticoids and selective GR modulators which show improved trans-repression over trans-activation effects have been developed to reduce side effects, but so far it has been difficult to dissociate anti-inflammatory effects from adverse effects. In patients with glucocorticoid resistance alternative anti-inflammatory treatments are being investigated as well as drugs that may reverse the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance.

Dataset Information

Listeners can anticipate future segments before they identify the current one.

Publications

Listeners can anticipate future segments before they identify the current one.

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