Dataset Information

Score Predictor Factor Analysis: Reproducing Observed Covariances by Means of Factor Score Predictors.

ABSTRACT: The non-diagonal elements of the observed covariances are more exactly reproduced by the factor loadings than by the model implied by the corresponding factor score predictors. This is a limitation to the validity of factor score predictors. It is therefore investigated whether it is possible to estimate factor loadings for which the model implied by the factor score predictors optimally reproduces the non-diagonal elements of the observed covariance matrix. Accordingly, loading estimates are proposed for which the model implied by the factor score predictors allows for a least-squares approximation of the non-diagonal elements of the observed covariance matrix. This estimation method is termed score predictor factor analysis and algebraically compared with Minres factor analysis as well as principal component analysis. A population-based and a sample-based simulation study was performed in order to compare score predictor factor analysis, Minres factor analysis, and principal component analysis. It turns out that the non-diagonal elements of the observed covariance matrix can more exactly be reproduced from the factor score predictors computed from score predictor factor analysis than from the factor score predictors computed from Minres factor analysis and from principal components.

SUBMITTER: Beauducel A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6707334 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Score Predictor Factor Analysis: Reproducing Observed Covariances by Means of Factor Score Predictors.

Beauducel André A Hilger Norbert N

Frontiers in psychology 20190816

The non-diagonal elements of the observed covariances are more exactly reproduced by the factor loadings than by the model implied by the corresponding factor score predictors. This is a limitation to the validity of factor score predictors. It is therefore investigated whether it is possible to estimate factor loadings for which the model implied by the factor score predictors optimally reproduces the non-diagonal elements of the observed covariance matrix. Accordingly, loading estimates are pr ...[more]

PMID: 31474919

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Project description:Inverse probability of treatment weighting is a popular propensity score-based approach to estimate marginal treatment effects in observational studies at risk of confounding bias. A major issue when estimating the propensity score is the presence of partially observed covariates. Multiple imputation is a natural approach to handle missing data on covariates: covariates are imputed and a propensity score analysis is performed in each imputed dataset to estimate the treatment effect. The treatment effect estimates from each imputed dataset are then combined to obtain an overall estimate. We call this method MIte. However, an alternative approach has been proposed, in which the propensity scores are combined across the imputed datasets (MIps). Therefore, there are remaining uncertainties about how to implement multiple imputation for propensity score analysis: (a) should we apply Rubin's rules to the inverse probability of treatment weighting treatment effect estimates or to the propensity score estimates themselves? (b) does the outcome have to be included in the imputation model? (c) how should we estimate the variance of the inverse probability of treatment weighting estimator after multiple imputation? We studied the consistency and balancing properties of the MIte and MIps estimators and performed a simulation study to empirically assess their performance for the analysis of a binary outcome. We also compared the performance of these methods to complete case analysis and the missingness pattern approach, which uses a different propensity score model for each pattern of missingness, and a third multiple imputation approach in which the propensity score parameters are combined rather than the propensity scores themselves (MIpar). Under a missing at random mechanism, complete case and missingness pattern analyses were biased in most cases for estimating the marginal treatment effect, whereas multiple imputation approaches were approximately unbiased as long as the outcome was included in the imputation model. Only MIte was unbiased in all the studied scenarios and Rubin's rules provided good variance estimates for MIte. The propensity score estimated in the MIte approach showed good balancing properties. In conclusion, when using multiple imputation in the inverse probability of treatment weighting context, MIte with the outcome included in the imputation model is the preferred approach.

Dataset Information

Score Predictor Factor Analysis: Reproducing Observed Covariances by Means of Factor Score Predictors.

Publications

Score Predictor Factor Analysis: Reproducing Observed Covariances by Means of Factor Score Predictors.

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