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The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients.

ABSTRACT: Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy has had a major impact on cancer treatment but has only benefited a subset of patients. Among the variables that could contribute to interpatient heterogeneity is differential composition of the patients' microbiome, which has been shown to affect antitumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy in preclinical mouse models. We analyzed baseline stool samples from metastatic melanoma patients before immunotherapy treatment, through an integration of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, metagenomic shotgun sequencing, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for selected bacteria. A significant association was observed between commensal microbial composition and clinical response. Bacterial species more abundant in responders included Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Enterococcus faecium. Reconstitution of germ-free mice with fecal material from responding patients could lead to improved tumor control, augmented T cell responses, and greater efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy. Our results suggest that the commensal microbiome may have a mechanistic impact on antitumor immunity in human cancer patients.

SUBMITTER: Matson V

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6707353 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients.

Matson Vyara V Fessler Jessica J Bao Riyue R Chongsuwat Tara T Zha Yuanyuan Y Alegre Maria-Luisa ML Luke Jason J JJ Gajewski Thomas F TF

Science (New York, N.Y.) 20180101 6371

Anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy has had a major impact on cancer treatment but has only benefited a subset of patients. Among the variables that could contribute to interpatient heterogeneity is differential composition of the patients' microbiome, which has been shown to affect antitumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy in preclinical mouse models. We analyzed baseline stool samples from metastatic melanoma patients before immunotherapy treatment, through an integration of 16<i>S</i> ribosomal ...[more]

PMID: 29302014

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Metformin is one of the biguanides commonly used in patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus. Apart from its hypoglycemic properties, metformin also inhibits the cell cycle by restricting protein synthesis and cell proliferation via regulating the LKB1/AMPL pathway. Furthermore, it also enhances the PD-1 blockade through a reduction of tumor hypoxia. Metformin has shown a significant favorable impact on treatment-related outcomes in solid tumors, but these outcomes have not been replicated in the limited clinical studies done on malignant melanoma. Moreover, none of these studies have reported on the efficacy of the combined use of metformin and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS:This is a retrospective cohort study that includes patients diagnosed with metastatic malignant melanoma and treated with ipilimumab, nivolumab, and/or pembrolizumab (Cohort A); or ipilimumab, nivolumab, and/or pembrolizumab plus metformin (Cohort B) between January 1st 2011 through December 15th 2017. In this study, patients are stratified based on anti-PD-1 only and anti-CTLA4/anti-PD-1 combination therapies in each cohort. Objective response rate (ORR) is the primary endpoint. Disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) are the secondary endpoints. RESULTS:Cohort A had 33 patients (60%), while cohort B had 22 (40%). Overall patient characteristics were similar between both cohorts. ORR was higher in cohort B (68.2% vs. 54.5%, P?=?0.31). The DCR was higher in cohort B as well (77.3% vs. 60.6%, P?=?0.19). Median OS (46.7 months vs. 28 months), and median PFS (19.8 months vs. 5 months) were longer in cohort B. However, on univariate and multivariate analyses, none of these differences were statistically significant. The mean number of new metastatic sites which appeared during therapy were significantly higher in cohort A (A:1.51 vs. B:0.59, P?=?0.009). CONCLUSION:We have observed favorable treatment-related outcomes (ORR, DCR, median PFS and median OS) in patients who have received metformin in combination with ICIs without reaching significance, probably, due to small sample size. Hence, large prospective clinical trials are required to study the synergistic effect of metformin in combination with ICIs before it can be recommended as routine additive therapy.

Project description:Purpose: Anti-PD-1 therapy has revolutionized the treatment and improved the survival of stage IV melanoma patients. However, almost half of the patients fail to respond due to immune evasive mechanism. A known mechanism is the downregulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression, which prevents T cell recognition of the tumor. This study determined the relationship between natural killer (NK) cell numbers and clinical response to anti-PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma. Experimental Design: Twenty-five anti-PD-1 treated metastatic melanoma patients were categorized into responders (complete response (CR)/partial response (PR)/stable disease (SD) ? 6 mo, n = 13) and non-responders (SD < 6 days/progressive disease (PD), n = 12) based on RECIST response. Whole transcriptome sequencing and multiplex immunofluorescent staining were performed on pre-treatment and on a subset of early during treatment tumor samples. Spatial distribution analysis was performed on multiplex immunofluorescent images to determine the proximity of NK cells to tumor cells. Flow cytometry was used to confirm NK phenotypes in lymph node metastases of treatment naïve melanoma patients (n = 5). Cytotoxic assay was performed using NK cells treated with anti-PD-1 or with isotype control and co-cultured with 3 different melanoma cell lines and with K562 cells (leukemia cell line). Results: Differential expression analysis identified nine upregulated NK cell specific genes (adjusted p < 0.05) in responding (n = 11) versus non-responding patients (n = 10). Immunofluorescent staining of biopsies confirmed a significantly higher density of intra- and peri-tumoral CD16+ and granzyme B + NK cells in responding patients (p < 0.05). Interestingly, NK cells were in closer proximity to tumor cells in responding PD-1 treated patients compared to non-responding patients. Patients who responded to anti-PD-1 therapy, despite MHC class I loss had higher NK cell densities than patients with low MHC class I expression. Lastly, functional assays demonstrated PD-1 blockade induces an increase in NK cells' cytotoxicity. Conclusions: A higher density of tumoral NK cells is associated with response to anti-PD-1 therapy. NK cells may play an important role in mediating response to anti-PD-1 therapy, including in a subset of tumors downregulating MHC class I expression.

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The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients.

Publications

The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients.

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