Dataset Information

A flexible geometry for panoramic visual and optogenetic stimulation during behavior and physiology.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:To study visual processing, it is necessary to precisely control visual stimuli while recording neural and behavioral responses. It can be important to present stimuli over a broad area of the visual field, which can be technically difficult. NEW METHOD:We present a simple geometry that can be used to display panoramic stimuli. A single digital light projector generates images that are reflected by mirrors onto flat screens that surround an animal. It can be used for behavioral and neurophysiological measurements, so virtually identical stimuli can be presented. Moreover, this geometry permits light from the projector to be used to activate optogenetic tools. RESULTS:Using this geometry, we presented panoramic visual stimulation to Drosophila in three paradigms. We presented drifting contrast gratings while recording walking and turning speed. We used the same projector to activate optogenetic channels during visual stimulation. Finally, we used two-photon microscopy to record responses in direction-selective cells to drifting gratings. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S):Existing methods have typically required custom hardware or curved screens, while this method requires only flat back projection screens and a digital light projector. The projector generates images in real time and does not require pre-generated images. Finally, while many setups are large, this geometry occupies a 30?×?20?cm footprint with a 25?cm height. CONCLUSIONS:This flexible geometry enables measurements of behavioral and neural responses to panoramic stimuli. This allows moderate throughput behavioral experiments with simultaneous optogenetic manipulation, with easy comparisons between behavior and neural activity using virtually identical stimuli.

SUBMITTER: Creamer MS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6708602 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A flexible geometry for panoramic visual and optogenetic stimulation during behavior and physiology.

Creamer Matthew S MS Mano Omer O Tanaka Ryosuke R Clark Damon A DA

Journal of neuroscience methods 20190516

<h4>Background</h4>To study visual processing, it is necessary to precisely control visual stimuli while recording neural and behavioral responses. It can be important to present stimuli over a broad area of the visual field, which can be technically difficult.<h4>New method</h4>We present a simple geometry that can be used to display panoramic stimuli. A single digital light projector generates images that are reflected by mirrors onto flat screens that surround an animal. It can be used for be ...[more]

PMID: 31103713

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Project description:Brain-state transitions are readily apparent from changes in brain rhythms,1 but are difficult to predict, suggestive that the underlying cause is latent to passive recording methods. Among the most important transitions, clinically, are the starts of seizures. We here show that an 'active probing' approach may have several important benefits for epileptic management, including by helping predict these transitions. We used mice expressing the optogenetic actuator, channelrhodopsin, in pyramidal cells, allowing this population to be stimulated in isolation. Intermittent stimulation at frequencies as low as 0.033 Hz (period = 30 s) delayed the onset of seizure-like events in an acute brain slice model of ictogenesis, but the effect was lost if stimulation was delivered at even lower frequencies (1/min). Notably, active probing additionally provides advance indication of when seizure-like activity is imminent, revealed by monitoring the postsynaptic response to stimulation. The postsynaptic response, recorded extracellularly, showed an all-or-nothing change in both amplitude and duration, a few hundred seconds before seizure-like activity began-a sufficient length of time to provide a helpful warning of an impending seizure. The change in the postsynaptic response then persisted for the remainder of the recording, indicative of a state change from a pre-epileptic to a pro-epileptic network. This occurred in parallel with a large increase in the stimulation-triggered Ca2+ entry into pyramidal dendrites, and a step increase in the number of evoked postsynaptic action potentials, both consistent with a reduction in the threshold for dendritic action potentials. In 0 Mg2+ bathing media, the reduced threshold was not associated with changes in glutamatergic synaptic function, nor of GABAergic release from either parvalbumin or somatostatin interneurons, but simulations indicate that the step change in the optogenetic response can instead arise from incremental increases in intracellular [Cl-]. The change in the response to stimulation was replicated by artificially raising intracellular [Cl-], using the optogenetic chloride pump, halorhodopsin. By contrast, increases in extracellular [K+] cannot account for the firing patterns in the response to stimulation, although this, and other cellular changes, may contribute to ictal initiation in other circumstances. We describe how these various cellular changes form a synergistic network of positive feedback mechanisms, which may explain the precipitous nature of seizure onset. This model of seizure initiation draws together several major lines of epilepsy research as well as providing an important proof-of-principle regarding the utility of open-loop brain stimulation for clinical management of the condition.

Dataset Information

A flexible geometry for panoramic visual and optogenetic stimulation during behavior and physiology.

Publications

A flexible geometry for panoramic visual and optogenetic stimulation during behavior and physiology.

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