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Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES:The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that short-term high salt intake reduces macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function in the absence of changes in blood pressure and to determine whether acute exercise restores endothelial function after high salt in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twelve women were administered high salt (11?g of sodium chloride for 7 days) and then underwent a weightlifting session. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and nitroglycerin dilation were measured with ultrasound at baseline, after high salt, and after weightlifting. Subcutaneous fat tissue biopsies were obtained at baseline, after high salt, and after weightlifting. Resistance arteries from biopsies were cannulated for vascular reactivity measurements in response to flow [flow-induced dilation (FID)] and acetylcholine. RESULTS:Blood pressure was similar before and after high salt diet. Brachial flow-mediated dilation was reduced after high salt diet but was not affected by acute weightlifting. Brachial nitroglycerin dilations were similar before and after high salt. FID and acetylcholine-induced dilation of resistance arteries were similar to that of before and after high salt diet. FID and acetylcholine-induced dilation was not altered by weightlifting after high salt diet. However, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester significantly reduced FID at baseline and after exercise but had no effect dilator reactivity after high salt diet alone. CONCLUSION:These data suggest that high salt intake reduces brachial artery endothelial function and switches the mediator of vasodilation in the microcirculation to a non-nitric oxide-dependent mechanism in healthy adults and acute exercise may switch the dilator mechanism back to nitric oxide during high salt diet.

SUBMITTER: Cavka A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6711169 | biostudies-literature | 2016 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure.

Cavka Ana A Jukic Ivana I Ali Mohamed M Goslawski Melissa M Bian Jing-Tan JT Wang Edward E Drenjancevic Ines I Phillips Shane A SA

Journal of hypertension 20160401 4

<h4>Objectives</h4>The aims of this study were to test the hypothesis that short-term high salt intake reduces macrovascular and microvascular endothelial function in the absence of changes in blood pressure and to determine whether acute exercise restores endothelial function after high salt in women.<h4>Materials and methods</h4>Twelve women were administered high salt (11 g of sodium chloride for 7 days) and then underwent a weightlifting session. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation and ni ...[more]

PMID: 26848993

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Project description:Background Arterial hypertension affects cardiovascular outcome in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We hypothesized that angioplasty of peripheral arterial stenoses decreases aortic (aBP) and brachial blood pressure (bBP). Methods and Results In an index cohort (n=30), we simultaneously measured aBP, bBP, augmentation index (AIx), and aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) before and after angioplasty of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries; diagnostic angiography served as a control. In an all-comer registry cohort (n=381), we prospectively measured bBP in patients scheduled for angioplasty of the iliac, femoral, and crural arteries or diagnostic angiography. Systolic aBP decreased after iliac (Δ-25 mmHg; 95% CI, -30 to -20; P<0.0001) and femoropopliteal angioplasty (Δ-12 mmHg; 95% CI, -17 to -5; P<0.0001) as compared with diagnostic angiography. Diastolic aBP decreased after iliac (Δ-9 mmHg; 95% CI, -13 to -1; P=0.01) but not femoropopliteal angioplasty. In parallel, AIx significantly dropped, whereas PWV remained stable. In the registry cohort, systolic bBP decreased after angioplasty of the iliac (Δ-17 mmHg; 95% CI, -31 to -8; P=0.0005) and femoropopliteal arteries (Δ-10 mmHg; 95% CI, -23 to -1; P=0.04) but not the crural arteries, as compared with diagnostic angiography. Diastolic bBP decreased after iliac (Δ-10 mmHg; 95% CI, -17 to -2; P=0.01) and femoropopliteal angioplasty (Δ-9 mmHg; 95% CI, -15 to -1; P=0.04). Multivariate analysis identified baseline systolic bBP and site of lesion as determinants of systolic bBP drop after endovascular treatment. Conclusions Angioplasty of flow-limiting stenoses in patients with peripheral artery disease lowers aortic and brachial blood pressure with more pronounced effects at more proximal lesion sites and elevated baseline systolic blood pressure. These data indicate a role of endovascular treatment to acutely optimize blood pressure in patients with peripheral artery disease. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02728479.

Project description:BACKGROUND:High brachial blood pressure (BP) is an important cardiovascular risk factor. However major differences in central systolic BP can occur among people with similar brachial systolic BP. It is known that central aortic pressure responses to antihypertensive therapy can differ substantially from brachial BP responses, such that true treatment effects cannot be gauged from conventional brachial BP. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to examine if adequate control of brachial BP was concordant with central BP control in treated hypertensive subjects. METHODS:Non-invasive acquisition of brachial and central pressures and wave forms was obtained from 100 subjects with systemic arterial hypertension on drug therapy and 50 healthy individuals. After all necessary precautions according to the guidelines, brachial and central pressures and wave forms were measured 3 times at 5 min intervals using an upper arm cuff (AGEDIO K900 HDP Stolberg, Germany). The mean of the last two measurements of each was recorded as representative of brachial and central aortic pressures and wave forms. RESULTS:In 45 of 50 healthy subjects with normotension (41 male, 9 female, mean age 38 years), central systolic BP was <120 mmHg. Five healthy subjects (10%) had falsely normal brachial systolic BP, but raised central systolic BP. Out of 100 patients with known hypertension and on various anti-hypertensive drug combinations, 9 had uncontrolled hypertension (defined as brachial BP of >140/90 mmHg and central systolic BP > 120 mmHg). Ninety-one patients had controlled hypertension as estimated by brachial BP of whom, 37 patients had uncontrolled central BP (systolic BP > 120 mmHg). Thus, brachial BP estimation over-estimated control of hypertension in 41% patients (p < 0.01). Central systolic BP control was inadequate in 9 out of 41 patients (22%) on angiotensin receptor blocking therapy versus 27 out of 31 (87%) patients on beta-blocking therapy (p < 0.05). Thus, there was a marked mismatch with regard to control of hypertension between central and peripheral measurements. CONCLUSION:Central BP measurement provides important information on true prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension in the outpatient setting which is higher than current estimates from brachial BP measurement. Optimal BP control by central BP is far less than observed from peripheral pressure measurement. Residual cardiovascular risk despite adequate control of brachial BP can also be explained by the substantial frequency of uncontrolled hypertension as determined by the central BP in patients with apparently controlled hypertension. Both these conclusions have significant impact on prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension and its proper management. Further studies are required to confirm the current data and to provide evidence that treatment decisions based on measurements of central BP result in better outcomes.

Project description:Background & aimsIndividuals with high blood pressure (BP) have varying risks of cardiovascular events due to other coexisting factors. We aimed to identify the predictors of long-term absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in individuals with high BP, which is an indicator of healthy arterial aging and can guide preventive strategies.MethodsWe analyzed data from participants with high BP (≥120/80 mm Hg) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who had baseline CAC = 0 and underwent a second CAC scanning after 10 years. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between various risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and long-term CAC = 0. We also calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to predict the phenotype of healthy arterial aging in this population.ResultsWe included 830 participants (37.6% male, mean ± SD age of 59.4 ± 8.7 years). During follow-up, 46.5% of participants (n = 386) had CAC = 0, and they were younger and had fewer metabolic syndrome components. Adding ASCVD risk factors to the demographic model (age, sex, and ethnicity) moderately increased the predictive value for long-term CAC = 0 (AUC: demographic model + ASCVD risk factors vs. demographic model alone, 0.653 vs. 0.597, p < .001; category net reclassification improvement = 0.104, p = .044; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.040, p < .001).ConclusionIn individuals with high BP and initial CAC = 0, over 40% maintained CAC = 0 during a 10-year follow-up, which was associated with fewer ASCVD risk factors. These findings may have implications for preventive strategies in individuals with high BP.Clinical Trial registration number: The MESA was registered at clinical trials. gov as NCT00005487.KEY MESSAGESNearly half (46.5%) of individuals with high blood pressure (BP) maintained a long-term absence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) during a 10-year follow-up, and this was associated with a 66.6% lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events compared to those who developed incident CAC.Individuals with high BP, who are usually assumed to have an increased risk of ASCVD, exhibit significant heterogeneity in their ASCVD risk; those who maintain CAC = 0 have a lower ASCVD risk.Adding overall ASCVD risk factors to demographic information resulted in a moderate improvement in predicting long-term CAC = 0.

Project description:BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are produced by the burning and processing of fuel oils, and have been associated with oxidant stress, insulin resistance and hypertension in adults. Few studies have examined whether adolescents are susceptible to cardiovascular effects of PAHs.ObjectiveTo study associations of PAH exposure with blood pressure (BP) and brachial artery distensibility (BAD), an early marker of arterial wall stiffness, in young boys attending three schools in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in varying proximity to an oil refinery.MethodsAir samples collected from the three schools were analyzed for PAHs. PAH metabolites (total hydroxyphenanthrenes and 1-hydroxypyrene) were measured in urine samples from 184 adolescent males, in whom anthropometrics, heart rate, pulse pressure, brachial artery distensibility and blood pressure were measured. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to assess relationships of school location and urinary PAH metabolites with cardiovascular measures.ResultsTotal suspended matter was significantly higher (444 ± 143 μg/m(3)) at the school near the refinery compared to a school located near a ring road (395 ± 65 μg/m(3)) and a school located away from vehicle traffic (232 ± 137 μg/m(3)), as were PAHs. Systolic (0.47 S D units, p = 0.006) and diastolic (0.53 SD units, p < 0.001) BP Z-scores were highest at the school near the refinery, with a 4.36-fold increase in prehypertension (p = 0.001), controlling for confounders. No differences in pulse pressure, BAD and heart rate were noted in relationship to school location. Urinary total hydroxyphenanthrenes and 1-hydroxypyrene were not associated with cardiovascular outcomes.ConclusionsProximity to an oil refinery in Saudi Arabia is associated with prehypertension and increases in PAH and particulate matter exposures. Further study including insulin resistance measurements, better control for confounding, and longitudinal measurement is indicated.

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Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure.

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Short-term high salt intake reduces brachial artery and microvascular function in the absence of changes in blood pressure.

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