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A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based computer programs to analyze chest x-rays for pulmonary tuberculosis.

ABSTRACT: We undertook a systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based software for identification of radiologic abnormalities (computer-aided detection, or CAD) compatible with pulmonary tuberculosis on chest x-rays (CXRs). We searched four databases for articles published between January 2005-February 2019. We summarized data on CAD type, study design, and diagnostic accuracy. We assessed risk of bias with QUADAS-2. We included 53 of the 4712 articles reviewed: 40 focused on CAD design methods ("Development" studies) and 13 focused on evaluation of CAD ("Clinical" studies). Meta-analyses were not performed due to methodological differences. Development studies were more likely to use CXR databases with greater potential for bias as compared to Clinical studies. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (median AUC [IQR]) were significantly higher: in Development studies AUC: 0.88 [0.82-0.90]) versus Clinical studies (0.75 [0.66-0.87]; p-value 0.004); and with deep-learning (0.91 [0.88-0.99]) versus machine-learning (0.82 [0.75-0.89]; p = 0.001). We conclude that CAD programs are promising, but the majority of work thus far has been on development rather than clinical evaluation. We provide concrete suggestions on what study design elements should be improved.

SUBMITTER: Harris M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6719854 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based computer programs to analyze chest x-rays for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Harris Miriam M Qi Amy A Jeagal Luke L Torabi Nazi N Menzies Dick D Korobitsyn Alexei A Pai Madhukar M Nathavitharana Ruvandhi R RR Ahmad Khan Faiz F

PloS one 20190903 9

We undertook a systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based software for identification of radiologic abnormalities (computer-aided detection, or CAD) compatible with pulmonary tuberculosis on chest x-rays (CXRs). We searched four databases for articles published between January 2005-February 2019. We summarized data on CAD type, study design, and diagnostic accuracy. We assessed risk of bias with QUADAS-2. We included 53 of the 4712 articles reviewed: 40 focused ...[more]

PMID: 31479448

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Project description:BackgroundThe integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medicine is growing, with some experts predicting its standalone use soon. However, skepticism remains due to limited positive outcomes from independent validations. This research evaluates AI software's effectiveness in analyzing chest X-rays (CXR) to identify lung nodules, a possible lung cancer indicator.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed 7,670,212 record pairs from radiological exams conducted between 2020 and 2022 during the Moscow Computer Vision Experiment, focusing on CXR and computed tomography (CT) scans. All images were acquired during clinical routine. The final dataset comprised 100 CXR images (50 with lung nodules, 50 without), selected consecutively and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, to evaluate the performance of all five AI-based solutions, participating in the Moscow Computer Vision Experiment and analyzing CXR. The evaluation was performed in 3 stages. In the first stage, the probability of a nodule in the lung obtained from AI services was compared with the Ground Truth (1-there is a nodule, 0-there is no nodule). In the second stage, 3 radiologists evaluated the segmentation of nodules performed by the AI services (1-nodule correctly segmented, 0-nodule incorrectly segmented or not segmented at all). In the third stage, the same radiologists additionally evaluated the classification of the nodules (1-nodule correctly segmented and classified, 0-all other cases). The results obtained in stages 2 and 3 were compared with Ground Truth, which was common to all three stages. For each stage, diagnostic accuracy metrics were calculated for each AI service.ResultsThree software solutions (Celsus, Lunit INSIGHT CXR, and qXR) demonstrated diagnostic metrics that matched or surpassed the vendor specifications, and achieved the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.956 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.918 to 0.994]. However, when evaluated by three radiologists for accurate nodule segmentation and classification, all solutions performed below the vendor-declared metrics, with the highest AUC reaching 0.812 (95% CI: 0.744 to 0.879). Meanwhile, all AI services demonstrated 100% specificity at stages 2 and 3 of the study.ConclusionsTo ensure the reliability and applicability of AI-based software, it is crucial to validate performance metrics using high-quality datasets and engage radiologists in the evaluation process. Developers are recommended to improve the accuracy of the underlying models before allowing the standalone use of the software for lung nodule detection. The dataset created during the study may be accessed at https://mosmed.ai/datasets/mosmeddatargogksnalichiemiotsutstviemlegochnihuzlovtipvii/.

Project description:ObjectiveThe chest X-ray (CXR) is the most readily available and common imaging modality for the assessment of pneumonia. However, detecting pneumonia from chest radiography is a challenging task, even for experienced radiologists. An artificial intelligence (AI) model might help to diagnose pneumonia from CXR more quickly and accurately. We aim to develop an AI model for pneumonia from CXR images and to evaluate diagnostic performance with external dataset.MethodsTo train the pneumonia model, a total of 157,016 CXR images from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Korean National Tuberculosis Association (KNTA) were used (normal vs. pneumonia = 120,722 vs.36,294). An ensemble model of two neural networks with DenseNet classifies each CXR image into pneumonia or not. To test the accuracy of the models, a separate external dataset of pneumonia CXR images (n = 212) from a tertiary university hospital (Gachon University Gil Medical Center GUGMC, Incheon, South Korea) was used; the diagnosis of pneumonia was based on both the chest CT findings and clinical information, and the performance evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Moreover, we tested the change of the AI probability score for pneumonia using the follow-up CXR images (7 days after the diagnosis of pneumonia, n = 100).ResultsWhen the probability scores of the models that have a threshold of 0.5 for pneumonia, two models (models 1 and 4) having different pre-processing parameters on the histogram equalization distribution showed best AUC performances of 0.973 and 0.960, respectively. As expected, the ensemble model of these two models performed better than each of the classification models with 0.983 AUC. Furthermore, the AI probability score change for pneumonia showed a significant difference between improved cases and aggravated cases (Δ = -0.06 ± 0.14 vs. 0.06 ± 0.09, for 85 improved cases and 15 aggravated cases, respectively, P = 0.001) for CXR taken as a 7-day follow-up.ConclusionsThe ensemble model combined two different classification models for pneumonia that performed at 0.983 AUC for an external test dataset from a completely different data source. Furthermore, AI probability scores showed significant changes between cases of different clinical prognosis, which suggest the possibility of increased efficiency and performance of the CXR reading at the diagnosis and follow-up evaluation for pneumonia.

Project description:BackgroundChest radiography to diagnose and screen for pulmonary tuberculosis has limitations, especially due to inter-reader variability. Automating the interpretation has the potential to overcome this drawback and to deliver objective and reproducible results. The CAD4TB software is a computer-aided detection system that has shown promising preliminary findings. Evaluation studies in different settings are needed to assess diagnostic accuracy and practicability of use.MethodsCAD4TB was evaluated on chest radiographs of patients with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis enrolled in two cohort studies in Tanzania. All patients were characterized by sputum smear microscopy and culture including subsequent antigen or molecular confirmation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) to determine the reference standard. Chest radiographs were read by the software and two human readers, one expert reader and one clinical officer. The sensitivity and specificity of CAD4TB was depicted using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, the area under the curve calculated and the performance of the software compared to the results of human readers.ResultsOf 861 study participants, 194 (23%) were culture-positive for M.tb. The area under the ROC curve of CAD4TB for the detection of culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 0.84 (95% CI 0.80-0.88). CAD4TB was significantly more accurate for the discrimination of smear-positive cases against non TB patients than for smear-negative cases (p-value<0.01). It differentiated better between TB cases and non TB patients among HIV-negative compared to HIV-positive individuals (p<0.01). CAD4TB significantly outperformed the clinical officer, but did not reach the accuracy of the expert reader (p?=?0.02), for a tuberculosis specific reading threshold.ConclusionCAD4TB accurately distinguished between the chest radiographs of culture-positive TB cases and controls. Further studies on cost-effectiveness, operational and ethical aspects should determine its place in diagnostic and screening algorithms.

Project description:Background: Chest X-rays (CXRs) are pivotal in clinical diagnostics, particularly in assessing cardiomegaly through the cardiothoracic ratio (CTR). This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI) in automating CTR determination to enhance patient care and streamline diagnostic processes. They are concentrated on comparing the performance of AI models in determining the CTR against human assessments, identifying the most effective models for potential clinical implementation. This study was registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42023437459). No funding was received. Methods: A comprehensive search of medical databases was conducted in June 2023. The search strategy adhered to the PICO framework. Inclusion criteria encompassed original articles from the last decade focusing on AI-assisted CTR assessment from standing-position CXRs. Exclusion criteria included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, conference abstracts, paediatric studies, non-original articles, and studies using imaging techniques other than X-rays. After initial screening, 117 articles were reviewed, with 14 studies meeting the final inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed by three independent investigators, and quality assessment followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using tools such as the JBI Checklist, AMSTAR 2, and CASP Diagnostic Study Checklist. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook guidelines. Results: Fourteen studies, comprising a total of 70,472 CXR images, met the inclusion criteria. Various AI models were evaluated, with differences in dataset characteristics and AI technology used. Common preprocessing techniques included resizing and normalization. The pooled AUC for cardiomegaly detection was 0.959 (95% CI 0.944-0.975). The pooled standardized mean difference for CTR measurement was 0.0353 (95% CI 0.147-0.0760). Significant heterogeneity was found between studies (I2 89.97%, p < 0.0001), with no publication bias detected. Conclusions: Standardizing methodologies is crucial to avoid interpretational errors and advance AI in medical imaging diagnostics. Uniform reporting standards are essential for the further development of AI in CTR measurement and broader medical imaging applications.

Dataset Information

A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based computer programs to analyze chest x-rays for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Publications

A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of artificial intelligence-based computer programs to analyze chest x-rays for pulmonary tuberculosis.

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