Longitudinal Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Endothelial Activation after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Vegliante G
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6722937 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Adolescent traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern, resulting in >35,000 hospitalizations in the United States each year. Although neuroimaging is a primary diagnostic tool in the clinical assessment of TBI, our understanding of how specific neuroimaging findings relate to outcome remains limited. Our study aims to identify imaging biomarkers of long-term neurocognitive outcome after severe adolescent TBI. Twenty-four adolescents with severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8) enrolled in the ADAPT (Approaches and Decisions after Pediatric TBI) study were recruited for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning 1-2 years post-injury at 13 participating sites. Subjects underwent outcome assessments ∼1-year post-injury, including the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (IQ) and the Pediatric Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE-Peds). A typically developing control cohort of 38 age-matched adolescents also underwent scanning and neurocognitive assessment. Brain-image segmentation was performed on T1-weighted images using Freesurfer. Brain and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volumes were used to compute a ventricle-to-brain ratio (VBR) for each subject, and the corpus callosum cross-sectional area was determined in the midline for each subject. The TBI group demonstrated higher VBR and lower corpus callosum area compared to the control cohort. After adjusting for age and sex, VBR was significantly related with GOSE-Peds score in the TBI group (n = 24, p = 0.01, cumulative odds ratio = 2.18). After adjusting for age, sex, intracranial volume, and brain volume, corpus callosum cross-sectional area correlated significantly with IQ score in the TBI group (partial cor = 0.68, n = 18, p = 0.007) and with PSI (partial cor = 0.33, p = 0.02). No association was found between VBR and IQ or between corpus callosum and GOSE-Peds. After severe adolescent TBI, quantitative MRI measures of VBR and corpus callosum cross-sectional area are associated with global functional outcome and neurocognitive outcomes, respectively.
| S-EPMC8219192 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The aims of this study were to evaluate longitudinal metabolite changes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) subjects and determine whether early magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) changes in discrete brain regions predict 1-year neuropsychological outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) proton MRSI was performed in pediatric subjects with complicated mild (cMild), moderate, and severe injury, acutely (6-17 days) and 1-year post-injury along with neurological and cognitive testing. Longitudinal analysis found that in the cMild/Moderate group, all MRSI ratios from 12 regions returned to control levels at 1 year. In the severe group, only cortical gray matter regions fully recovered to control levels whereas N-acetylaspartate (NAA) ratios from the hemispheric white matter and subcortical regions remained statistically different from controls. A factor analysis reduced the data to two loading factors that significantly differentiated between TBI groups; one included acute regional NAA variables and another consisted of clinically observed variables (e.g., days in coma). Using scores calculated from the two loading factors in a logistic regression model, we found that the percent accuracy for classification of TBI groups was greatest for the dichotomized attention measure (93%), followed by Full Scale Intelligence Quotient at 91%, and the combined memory Z-score measure (90%). Using the acute basal ganglia NAA/creatine (Cr) ratio alone achieved a higher percent accuracy of 94.7% for the attention measure whereas the acute thalamic NAA/Cr ratio alone achieved a higher percent accuracy of 91.9% for the memory measure. These results support the conclusions that reduced NAA is an early indicator of tissue injury and that measurements from subcortical brain regions are more predictive of long-term cognitive outcome.
| S-EPMC6479249 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Young children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have frequently been excluded from studies due to age and/or mechanism of injury. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now frequently being utilized to detect parenchymal injuries and early cerebral edema. We sought to assess MRI findings in infants with severe TBI, and to determine the association between specific MRI findings and mechanisms of injury, including abusive head trauma (AHT). MRI scans performed within the first 30 days after injury were collected and coded according to NIH/NINDS Common Data Elements (CDEs) for Neuroimaging in subjects age < 2 years old with severe TBI enrolled in the Approaches and Decisions in Acute Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Trial. Demographics and injury characteristics were analyzed. A total of 81 children were included from ADAPT sites with MRI scans. Median age was 0.77 years and 57% were male. Most common MRI finding was ischemia, present in 57/81 subjects (70%), in a median of 7 brain regions per subject. Contusion 46/81 (57%) and diffuse axonal injury (DAI) 36/81 (44.4%) subjects followed. Children were dichotomized based on likelihood of AHT with 43/81 subjects classified as AHT. Ischemia was found to be significantly associated with AHT (p = 0.001) and "inflicted" injury mechanism (p = 0.0003). In conclusion, the most common intracerebral injury seen on MRI of infants with severe TBI was ischemia, followed by contusion and DAI. Ischemia was associated with AHT, and ischemia affecting > 4 brain regions was predictive of AHT.
| S-EPMC9322188 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Novel and non-routine tasks often require information processing and behavior to adapt from moment to moment depending on task requirements and current performance. This ability to adapt is an executive function that is referred to as cognitive control. Patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been reported to exhibit impairments in cognitive control and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has provided evidence for TBI-related alterations in brain activation using various fMRI cognitive control paradigms. There is some support for greater and more extensive cognitive control-related brain activation in patients with moderate-to-severe TBI, relative to comparison subjects without TBI. In addition, some studies have reported a correlation between these activation increases and measures of injury severity. Explanations that have been proposed for increased activation within structures that are thought to be directly involved in cognitive control, as well as the extension of this over-activation into other brain structures, have included compensatory mechanisms, increased demand upon normal processes required to maintain adequate performance, less efficient utilization of neural resources, and greater vulnerability to cognitive fatigue. Recent findings are also consistent with the possibility that activation increases within some structures, such as the posterior cingulate gyrus, may reflect a failure to deactivate components of the default mode network (DMN) and that some cognitive control impairment may result from ineffective coordination between the DMN and components of the salience network. Functional neuroimaging studies examining cognitive control-related activation following mild TBI (mTBI) have yielded more variable results, with reports of increases, decreases, and no significant change. These discrepancies may reflect differences among the various mTBI samples under study, recovery of function in some patients, different task characteristics, and the presence of comorbid conditions such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder that also alter brain activation. There may be mTBI populations with activation changes that overlap with those found following more severe injuries, including symptomatic mTBI patients and those with acute injuries, but future research to address such dysfunction will require well-defined samples with adequate controls for injury characteristics, comorbid disorders, and severity of post-concussive symptoms.
| S-EPMC5543081 | biostudies-other
Project description:Pre-clinical studies of traumatic brain injury (TBI) show that glyburide reduces edema and hemorrhagic progression of contusions. We conducted a small Phase II, three-institution, randomized placebo-controlled trial of subjects with TBI to assess the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) glyburide. Twenty-eight subjects were randomized and underwent a 72-h infusion of IV glyburide or placebo, beginning within 10 h of trauma. Of the 28 subjects, 25 had Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 6-10, and 14 had contusions. There were no differences in adverse events (AEs) or severe adverse events (ASEs) between groups. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) percent change at 72-168 h from screening/baseline was compared between the glyburide and placebo groups. Analysis of contusions (7 per group) showed that lesion volumes (hemorrhage plus edema) increased 1036% with placebo versus 136% with glyburide (p = 0.15), and that hemorrhage volumes increased 11.6% with placebo but decreased 29.6% with glyburide (p = 0.62). Three diffusion MRI measures of edema were quantified: mean diffusivity (MD), free water (FW), and tissue MD (MDt), corresponding to overall, extracellular, and intracellular water, respectively. The percent change with time for each measure was compared in lesions (n = 14) versus uninjured white matter (n = 24) in subjects receiving placebo (n = 20) or glyburide (n = 18). For placebo, the percent change in lesions for all three measures was significantly different compared with uninjured white matter (analysis of variance [ANOVA], p < 0.02), consistent with worsening of edema in untreated contusions. In contrast, for glyburide, the percent change in lesions for all three measures was not significantly different compared with uninjured white matter. Further study of IV glyburide in contusion TBI is warranted.
| S-EPMC6921286 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To determine the clinical relevance, if any, of traumatic intracranial findings on early head computed tomography (CT) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to 3-month outcome in mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI).One hundred thirty-five MTBI patients evaluated for acute head injury in emergency departments of 3 LEVEL I trauma centers were enrolled prospectively. In addition to admission head CT, early brain MRI was performed 12 ± 3.9 days after injury. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess for demographic, clinical, socioeconomic, CT, and MRI features that were predictive of Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) at 3 months postinjury.Twenty-seven percent of MTBI patients with normal admission head CT had abnormal early brain MRI. CT evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage was associated with a multivariate odds ratio of 3.5 (p = 0.01) for poorer 3-month outcome, after adjusting for demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors. One or more brain contusions on MRI, and ?4 foci of hemorrhagic axonal injury on MRI, were each independently associated with poorer 3-month outcome, with multivariate odds ratios of 4.5 (p = 0.01) and 3.2 (p = 0.03), respectively, after adjusting for head CT findings and demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors.In this prospective multicenter observational study, the clinical relevance of abnormal findings on early brain imaging after MTBI is demonstrated. The addition of early CT and MRI markers to a prognostic model based on previously known demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic predictors resulted in a >2-fold increase in the explained variance in 3-month GOS-E.
| S-EPMC4060890 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury remains hard to predict. This is partly because axonal injury, which is of fundamental importance, is difficult to measure clinically. Advances in MRI allow axonal injury to be detected after traumatic brain injury, but the most sensitive approach is unclear. Here, we compare the performance of diffusion tensor imaging, neurite orientation dispersion and density-imaging and volumetric measures of brain atrophy in the identification of white-matter abnormalities after traumatic brain injury. Thirty patients with moderate-severe traumatic brain injury in the chronic phase and 20 age-matched controls had T1-weighted and diffusion MRI. Neuropsychological tests of processing speed, executive functioning and memory were used to detect cognitive impairment. Extensive abnormalities in neurite density index and orientation dispersion index were observed, with distinct spatial patterns. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity also indicated widespread abnormalities of white-matter structure. Neurite density index was significantly correlated with processing speed. Slower processing speed was also related to higher mean diffusivity in the corticospinal tracts. Lower white-matter volumes were seen after brain injury with greater effect sizes compared to diffusion metrics; however, volume was not sensitive to changes in cognitive performance. Volume was the most sensitive at detecting change between groups but was not specific for determining relationships with cognition. Abnormalities in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were the most sensitive diffusion measures; however, neurite density index and orientation dispersion index may be more spatially specific. Lower neurite density index may be a useful metric for examining slower processing speed.
| S-EPMC8105496 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and Objectives: The annual global incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is over 10 million. An estimated 29% of TBI patients with negative computed tomography (CT-) have positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI+) findings. Judicious use of serum biomarkers with MRI may aid in diagnosis of CT-occult TBI. The current manuscript aimed to evaluate the diagnostic, therapeutic and risk-stratification utility of known biomarkers and intracranial MRI pathology. Materials and Methods: The PubMed database was queried with keywords (plasma OR serum) AND (biomarker OR marker OR protein) AND (brain injury/trauma OR head injury/trauma OR concussion) AND (magnetic resonance imaging/MRI) (title/abstract) in English. Seventeen articles on TBI biomarkers and MRI were included: S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B; N = 6), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; N = 3), GFAP/ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1; N = 2), Tau (N = 2), neurofilament-light (NF-L; N = 2), alpha-synuclein (N = 1), and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor peptide (AMPAR; N = 1). Results: Acute GFAP distinguished CT-/MRI+ from CT-/MRI- (AUC = 0.777, 0.852 at 9-16 h). GFAP discriminated CT-/diffuse axonal injury (DAI+) from controls (AUC = 0.903). Tau correlated directly with number of head strikes and inversely with white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and a cutoff > 1.5 pg/mL discriminated between DAI+ and DAI- (sensitivity = 74%/specificity = 69%). NF-L had 100% discrimination of DAI in severe TBI and correlated with FA. Low alpha-synuclein was associated with poorer functional connectivity. AMPAR cutoff > 0.4 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 92% for concussion and was associated with minor MRI findings. Low/undetectable S100B had a high negative predictive value for CT/MRI pathology. UCH-L1 showed no notable correlations with MRI. Conclusions: An acute circulating biomarker capable of discriminating intracranial MRI abnormalities is critical to establishing diagnosis for CT-occult TBI and can triage patients who may benefit from outpatient MRI, surveillance and/or follow up with TBI specialists. GFAP has shown diagnostic potential for MRI findings such as DAI and awaits further validation. Tau shows promise in detecting DAI and disrupted functional connectivity. Candidate biomarkers should be evaluated within the context of analytical performance of the assays used, as well as the post-injury timeframe for blood collection relative to MRI abnormalities.
| S-EPMC7074393 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study sought to identify whether an anatomical indicator of injury severity as measured by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), is predictive of a clinical measure of injury severity after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Nine individuals who were admitted to acute inpatient rehabilitation after moderate-to-severe TBI completed a comprehensive MRI protocol prior to discharge from rehabilitation, which included conventional MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Of those, five of nine also underwent brain MRE to measure the brain parenchyma stiffness. Clinical severity of injury was measured by the length of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). MRI-assessed non-hemorrhage contusion score and hemorrhage score, DTI-measured white matter fractional anisotropy, and MRE-measured lesion stiffness were all assessed. A higher hemorrhagic score was significantly associated with a longer length of PTA (p = 0.026). Participants with a longer PTA tended to have a higher non-hemorrhage contusion score and softer contusion lesions than the contralateral control side, although the small sample size did not allow for assessment of a significant association. To our knowledge, this is the first report applying MRI/MRE imaging protocol to quantitate altered brain anatomy after moderate-severe TBI and its association with PTA, a known clinical predictor of post-acute outcome. Future larger studies could lead to the development of prediction models that integrate clinical data with anatomical (MRI), structural (DTI), and mechanical (MRE) changes caused by TBI, to inform prognosis and care planning.
| S-EPMC10960168 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a sudden external force and can be very heterogeneous in its manifestation. In this work, we analyse T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) brain images that were prospectively acquired from patients who sustained mild to severe TBI. We investigate the potential of a recently proposed automatic segmentation method to support the outcome prediction of TBI. Specifically, we extract meaningful cross-sectional and longitudinal measurements from acute- and chronic-phase MR images. We calculate regional volume and asymmetry features at the acute/subacute stage of the injury (median: 19 days after injury), to predict the disability outcome of 67 patients at the chronic disease stage (median: 229 days after injury). Our results indicate that small structural volumes in the acute stage (e.g. of the hippocampus, accumbens, amygdala) can be strong predictors for unfavourable disease outcome. Further, group differences in atrophy are investigated. We find that patients with unfavourable outcome show increased atrophy. Among patients with severe disability outcome we observed a significantly higher mean reduction of cerebral white matter (3.1%) as compared to patients with low disability outcome (0.7%).
| S-EPMC5705131 | biostudies-literature