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Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Early Puberty.

ABSTRACT: CONTEXT:Obesity is known to impact reproductive function in adults, but little is known about its effects on reproductive hormones during puberty. OBJECTIVE:To assess sex differences in effects of obesity on reproductive hormones and their relation to insulin sensitivity and secretion. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study including anthropometrics, serum and urine reproductive hormone concentrations, and intravenous glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT) to assess acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg), and insulin sensitivity (Si). SETTING:Outpatient academic clinical research center. PATIENTS:Girls (52%) and boys (48%) who were normal weight (NW; n = 51, BMI-Z score = -0.11 ± 0.77, age = 11.5 ± 1.7 years) and obese (n = 53, BMI-Z score = 2.22 ± 0.33, age = 10.9 ± 1.5 years), Tanner stage 2 to 3. RESULTS:Boys with obesity had lower total testosterone (P < 0.0001) and higher concentrations of the urinary estradiol metabolite, E1c, (P = 0.046) than boys with NW. Girls with obesity had higher free androgen index (FAI; P = 0.03) than NW girls. Both boys and girls with obesity had lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG; P < 0.0001) than NW. AIRg was inversely related to SHBG in boys (R = 0.6, P < 0.0001) and girls (R = 0.53, P = 0.0001). Si correlated with higher SHBG in boys (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.0001) and girls (R = 0.5, P = 0.0003), higher total testosterone for boys (R = 0.39, P = 0.01), and lower FAI for girls (R = -0.2, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION:Youth with obesity have lower SHBG than youth with NW, but obesity has differential effects on reproductive hormones in girls versus boys, which are apparent early in puberty. Ongoing longitudinal studies will evaluate the impact of obesity on reproductive hormones in girls and boys as puberty progresses.

SUBMITTER: Nokoff N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6736047 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Early Puberty.

Nokoff Natalie N Thurston Jessica J Hilkin Allison A Pyle Laura L Zeitler Philip S PS Nadeau Kristen J KJ Santoro Nanette N Kelsey Megan M MM

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 20191001 10

<h4>Context</h4>Obesity is known to impact reproductive function in adults, but little is known about its effects on reproductive hormones during puberty.<h4>Objective</h4>To assess sex differences in effects of obesity on reproductive hormones and their relation to insulin sensitivity and secretion.<h4>Design</h4>Cross-sectional study including anthropometrics, serum and urine reproductive hormone concentrations, and intravenous glucose tolerance testing (IVGTT) to assess acute insulin response ...[more]

PMID: 30985874

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Project description:BackgroundIn May 2011, a major incident involving phthalates-contaminated foodstuffs occurred in Taiwan. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was added to foodstuffs, mainly juice, jelly, tea, sports drink, and dietary supplements. Concerns arose that normal pubertal development, especially reproductive hormone regulation in children, could be disrupted by DEHP exposure.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone levels among children following potential exposure to phthalate-tainted foodstuffs.MethodsA total of 239 children aged <12 years old were recruited from 3 hospitals in north, central, and south Taiwan after the episode. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the frequency and quantity of exposures to 5 categories of phthalate-contaminated foodstuffs to assess phthalate exposure in children. Urine samples were collected for the measurement of phthalate metabolites. The estimated daily intake of DEHP exposure at the time of the contamination incident occurred was calculated using both questionnaire data and urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations between phthalate exposure and reproductive hormone levels in children.ResultsAfter excluding children with missing data regarding exposure levels and hormone concentrations and girls with menstruation, 222 children were included in the statistical analyses. After adjustment for age and birth weight, girls with above median levels of urinary mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, and sum of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate concentrations had higher odds of above median follicle-stimulating hormone concentrations. Girls with above median estimated average daily DEHP exposures following the contamination episode also had higher odds of sex hormone-binding globulin above median levels.ConclusionsPhthalate exposure was associated with alterations of reproductive hormone levels in girls.

Project description:OBJECTIVEFew have characterized cognitive changes with age as a function of menopausal stage relative to men, or sex differences in components of memory in early midlife. The study aim was to investigate variation in memory function in early midlife as a function of sex, sex steroid hormones, and reproductive status.METHODSA total of 212 men and women aged 45 to 55 were selected for this cross-sectional study from a prenatal cohort of pregnancies whose mothers were originally recruited in 1959 to 1966. They underwent clinical and cognitive testing and hormonal assessments of menopause status. Multivariate general linear models for multiple memory outcomes were used to test hypotheses controlling for potential confounders. Episodic memory, executive function, semantic processing, and estimated verbal intelligence were assessed. Associative memory and episodic verbal memory were assessed using Face-Name Associative Memory Exam (FNAME) and Selective Reminding Test (SRT), given increased sensitivity to detecting early cognitive decline. Impacts of sex and reproductive stage on performance were tested.RESULTSWomen outperformed men on all memory measures including FNAME (??=?-0.30, P < 0.0001) and SRT (??=?-0.29, P?<?0.0001). Furthermore, premenopausal and perimenopausal women outperformed postmenopausal women on FNAME (initial learning, ?= 0.32, P?=?0.01) and SRT (recall, ?= 2.39, P?=?0.02). Across all women, higher estradiol was associated with better SRT performance (recall, ??=?1.96, P?=?0.01) and marginally associated with FNAME (initial learning, ??=?0.19, P?=?0.06).CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrated that, in early midlife, women outperformed age-matched men across all memory measures, but sex differences were attenuated for postmenopausal women. Initial learning and memory retrieval were particularly vulnerable, whereas memory consolidation and storage were preserved. Findings underscore the significance of the decline in ovarian estradiol production in midlife and its role in shaping memory function.

Dataset Information

Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Early Puberty.

Publications

Sex Differences in Effects of Obesity on Reproductive Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Early Puberty.

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