Dataset Information

The differences of gonadal hormones and uterine transcriptome during shell calcification of hens laying hard or weak-shelled eggs.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Eggshell breaking strength is critical to reduce egg breaking rate and avoid economic loss. The process of eggshell calcification initiates with the egg entering the uterus and lasts about 18?h. It follows a temporal sequence corresponding to the initiation, growth and termination periods of shell calcification. During each period of shell calcification, our study investigated the differences of gonadal hormones and uterine transcriptome in laying hens producing a high or low breaking strength shell.

Results

60 Hy-line Brown laying hens were selected and divided into two groups according to eggshell breaking strength. Eggshell breaking strength of 44.57?±?0.91?N and 26.68?±?0.38?N were considered to be the high strength group (HS) and low strength group (LS), respectively. The results showed that mammillary thickness and mammillary knob width of eggshells were significantly lower in the HS. Serum progesterone (P₄) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D₃ [1,25-(OH)₂D₃] were significantly higher in the HS compared to the LS during the initiation period of calcification. Serum estradiol (E₂) and calcium did not change significantly. All factors mentioned above had no significant differences in the growth and termination periods of calcification. The relative expression of CaBP-D_28k and PMCA 1b were not significantly different between HS and LS. The relative expression of NCX1 was significantly higher in HS compared to LS. Moreover, 1777 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the initiation period of calcification. However, few DEGs were identified in the growth or termination periods of calcification. 30 DEGs were selected as candidate genes involved in eggshell calcification during the initiation period of calcification by the analysis of GO terms and KEGG pathways.

Conclusions

Our study concluded that mammillary thickness and mammillary knob width of the HS were significantly lower than LS. P₄ and 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ were significantly higher in the initiation period of HS. They may impact initial calcification when the mammillary layer is formed. The initiation period of calcification determined eggshell strength rather than the growth or termination periods. We inferred P₄ or 1,25-(OH)₂D₃ may effect the ultrastructure of the mammillary layer by regulating the expression of uterine genes.

SUBMITTER: Zhang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6737649 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

The differences of gonadal hormones and uterine transcriptome during shell calcification of hens laying hard or weak-shelled eggs.

Zhang Jiacai J Wang Yanan Y Zhang Cong C Xiong Mingxin M Rajput Shahid Ali SA Liu Yun Y Qi Desheng D

BMC genomics 20190911 1

<h4>Background</h4>Eggshell breaking strength is critical to reduce egg breaking rate and avoid economic loss. The process of eggshell calcification initiates with the egg entering the uterus and lasts about 18 h. It follows a temporal sequence corresponding to the initiation, growth and termination periods of shell calcification. During each period of shell calcification, our study investigated the differences of gonadal hormones and uterine transcriptome in laying hens producing a high or low ...[more]

PMID: 31510913

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Project description:BackgroundFloor eggs, which are defined as eggs that hens lay off-nest, are a major issue in cage-free layer poultry systems. They create additional work for farmers because they must be collected by hand. They are also usually soiled or broken, which results in economic losses. Nonetheless, knowledge about the genetics of nesting behavior is limited. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for traits related to nest preference for laying and to time spent in the nests used for laying (laying duration).MethodsTwo pure lines of laying hens were studied: 927 Rhode Island Red and 980 White Leghorn. Electronic nests were used to record the nesting behavior of these hens in floor pens from 24 to 64 weeks of age. Nest preference was studied based on the mean distance between nests used for laying and the percentage of nests used for laying. Laying duration was studied based on mean laying duration, mean duration in the nest before laying, and mean duration in the nest after laying. Genetic parameters were estimated for each line using a restricted maximum-likelihood method applied to a pedigree-based multi-trait animal model.ResultsEstimates of genetic parameters were similar for the two lines. Estimates of heritability ranged from 0.18 to 0.37 for nest preference traits and from 0.54 to 0.70 for laying duration traits. Estimates of genetic correlations of these traits with clutch number or mean oviposition time were favorable. Positive genetic correlations were estimated between nest preference and laying rate in the nests or nest acceptance for laying (+ 0.06 to + 0.37).ConclusionsThese results show that genetics influences traits related to nest preference and laying duration. Selecting hens that have no preference for particular nests and spend little time laying in the nests could help optimize nest use, reduce their occupation rate, and thus decrease the incidence of floor eggs in cage-free systems. Genetic correlations of these traits with other traits of interest related to hen welfare and egg quality have yet to be estimated.

Project description:The intense selection of chickens for production traits, such as egg laying, is thought to cause undesirable side effects and changes in behavior. Trade-offs resulting from energy expenditure in productivity may influence other traits: in order to sustain energetic costs for high egg production, energy expenditure may be redirected away from specific behavioral traits. For example, such energetic trade-offs may change the hens' cognitive abilities. Therefore, we hypothesized highly productive laying hens to show reduced learning performance in comparison to moderate productive lines. We examined the learning ability of four chicken lines that differed in laying performance (200 versus 300 eggs/year) and phylogenetic origin (brown/white layer; respectively, within performance). In total 61 hens were tested in semi-automated Skinner boxes in a three-phase learning paradigm (initial learning, reversal learning, extinction). To measure the hens' learning performance within each phase, we compared the number of active decisions needed to fulfill a learning criteria (80% correct choices for learning, 70% no responses at extinction) using linear models. Differences between the proportions of hens per line that reached criterion on each phase of the learning tasks were analyzed by using a Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis. A greater proportion of high productive hens achieved the learning criteria on each phase compared to less productive hens (Chi2 3 = 8.25, p = 0.041). Furthermore, high productive hens accomplished the learning criteria after fewer active decisions in the initial phase (p = 0.012) and in extinction (p = 0.004) compared to the less selected lines. Phylogenetic origin was associated with differences in learning in extinction. Our results contradict our hypothesis and indicate that the selection for productivity traits has led to changes in learning behavior and the high productive laying hens possessed a better learning strategy compared to moderate productive hens in a feeding-rewarding context. This better performance may be a response to constraints resulting from high selection as it may enable these hens to efficiently acquire additional energy resources. Underlying mechanisms for this may be directly related to differences in neuronal structure or indirectly to foraging strategies and changes in personality traits such as fearfulness and sociality.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Avian eggs have a proteinaceous cuticle. The quantity of cuticle varies and the deposition of a good cuticle in the uterus (Shell-gland) prevents transmission of bacteria to the egg contents. RESULTS:To understand cuticle deposition, uterus transcriptomes were compared between hens with i) naturally good and poor cuticle and, ii) where manipulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal-oviduct axis produced eggs with or without cuticle. The highest expressed genes encoded eggshell matrix and cuticle proteins, e.g. MEPE (OC-116), BPIFB3 (OVX-36), RARRES1 (OVX-32), WAP (OVX-25), and genes for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, active transport and energy metabolism. Expression of a number of these genes differed between hens laying eggs with or without cuticle. There was also a high expression of clock genes. PER2, CRY2, CRY1, CLOCK and BMAL1 were differentially expressed when cuticle deposition was prevented, and they also changed throughout the egg formation cycle. This suggests an endogenous clock in the uterus may be a component of cuticle deposition control. Cuticle proteins are glycosylated and glycosaminoglycan binding genes had a lower expression when cuticle proteins were deposited on the egg. The immediate early genes, JUN and FOS, were expressed less when the cuticle had not been deposited and changed over the egg formation cycle, suggesting they are important in oviposition and cuticle deposition. The uterus transcriptome of hens with good and poor cuticle deposition did not differ. CONCLUSIONS:We have gained insights into the factors that can affect the production of the cuticle especially clock genes and immediate early genes. We have demonstrated that these genes change their expression over the period of eggshell formation supporting their importance. The lack of differences in expression between the uterus of hens laying eggs with the best and worse cuticle suggest the genetic basis of the trait may lie outside the oviduct.

Project description:Purpose: With the advent of Next-generation sequencing (NGS), several novel genes/proteins and cellular pathways in wide variety of tissues has been discovered. The aim of this study are to perform uterine transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) to determine differently expressed genes in laying and non-laying hens and to further validate the expression of candidate genes using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) in laying, non-laying and molting hens. Methods: Uterine mRNA profiles of 35-60 weeks-old laying and non-laying hens, three each, were generated with NextSeq 500 sequencer in single-end mode with a read length of 1x76 bp. Raw sequencing reads were cleaned and trimmmed with Prinseq tool and good reads were aligned against the chicken reference gemone (Galgal 5.0) in Array Studio. Differential gene expression analysis was performed by the DESeq2 algorithm as implemented in Array Studio. The genes with at least two-fold change (FC) and Benjamini and Hochberg q-value < 0.05 were called differentially expressed. Results: Using an optimized data analysis workflow, we mapped about 32 million reads from layers and 28 million reads from non-layers to the chicken genome. A total of 19,152 gene transcripts were annotated from Ensembl alignment which represents 50.24% of the chicken genome assembly. Differential gene expression analysis showed 616 were differentially expressed between layer and non-layer hens. 229 DEGs were significantly up-regulated and 286 were significantly down-regulated in the laying hens when compared to the non-laying hens. Twelve candiate genes, linked to calcium remodeling, were identified by gene function analysis and validated using qPCR. MEPE, CALCB, OTOP2, STC2 and ATP2C2 were confirmed to be highly expressed in laying hens as compared to molting and non-laying hens. RNA-seq and qPCR data for relative gene expression were highly correlated (R2 =0.99). Conclusions: Our study reports the expression of four novel genes that are speculated to transport calcium ions across the uterine epithellium for eggshell mineralization. These genes can be used as quantitative basis of selecting hens with an improved eggshell quality.

Dataset Information

The differences of gonadal hormones and uterine transcriptome during shell calcification of hens laying hard or weak-shelled eggs.

Background

Results

Conclusions

Publications

The differences of gonadal hormones and uterine transcriptome during shell calcification of hens laying hard or weak-shelled eggs.

Similar Datasets

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