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Spiky electric and magnetic field structures in flux rope experiments.

ABSTRACT: Magnetic flux ropes are structures that are common in the corona of the sun and presumably all stars. They can be thought of as the building blocks of solar structures. They have been observed in Earth's magnetotail and near Mars and Venus. When multiple flux ropes are present magnetic field line reconnection, which converts magnetic energy to other forms, can occur when they collide. The structure of multiple magnetic ropes, the interactions between multiple ropes, and their topological properties such as helicity and writhing have been studied theoretically and in laboratory experiments. Here, we report on spiky potential and magnetic fields associated with the ropes. We show that the potential structures are chaotic for a range of their temporal half-widths and the probability density function (PDF) of their widths resembles the statistical distribution of crumpled paper. The spatial structure of the magnetic spikes is revealed using a correlation counting method. Computer simulation suggests that the potential structures are the nonlinear end result of an instability involving relative drift between ions and electrons.

SUBMITTER: Gekelman W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6744923 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Spiky electric and magnetic field structures in flux rope experiments.

Gekelman W W Tang S W SW DeHaas T T Vincena S S Pribyl P P Sydora R R

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20180620 37

Magnetic flux ropes are structures that are common in the corona of the sun and presumably all stars. They can be thought of as the building blocks of solar structures. They have been observed in Earth's magnetotail and near Mars and Venus. When multiple flux ropes are present magnetic field line reconnection, which converts magnetic energy to other forms, can occur when they collide. The structure of multiple magnetic ropes, the interactions between multiple ropes, and their topological propert ...[more]

PMID: 29925603

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Project description:Although evidence has shown that very small electric currents produce a beneficial therapeutic result for wounds, non-invasive EMF therapy has consisted mostly of anecdotal clinical reports with very few well controlled laboratory mechanistic studies. In this study, we evaluated the effects and potential mechanisms of a non-invasive EMF device on skin wound repair. In vitro analyses with human skin keratinocyte cultures demonstrated that the non-invasive EMF has a very strong effect on accelerating keratinocyte migration and a relatively weaker effect on promoting keratinocyte proliferation. The positive effects of the non-invasive EMF on cell migration and proliferation seem keratinocyte specific without such effects seen on dermal fibroblasts. cDNA microarray and RT-PCR performed revealed increased expression of CRK7 and HOXC8 genes in treated keratinocytes. This study suggests that a non-invasive electric magnetic field accelerates wound reepithelialization through a mechanism of promoting keratinocyte migration and proliferation, possibly due to upregulation of CRK7 and HOXC8 genes. Experiment Overall Design: Non-invasive EMF: Experiment Overall Design: In this study, we used the Field Therapy Accelerator (FTA; Advatech, Miami, Florida) device to produce a magnetic field which in turn induces a non-invasive electric current in the targetâs surroundings. All human and animal studies have been approved by the authors' Institutional Review Board. The FTA device generates a continuous series of direct current (DC)-like pulses of voltage followed for a very short time interval by a negative voltage spike. The induced EMF comprises of a series of concentric circles centered on the axis of the coil. The EMF vectors are at each point perpendicular to the surface of the circle and in the plane of that circle, that plane being parallel to the face of the coil. Experiment Overall Design: In vitro Studies with Cell Cultures: Experiment Overall Design: Cells and Cell Cultures: Normal human keratinocytes were maintained in growth medium of EpiLife (Cascade Biologics, Portland, Oregon) with human keratinocyte growth supplement at concentration of 0.2% v/v of bovine pituitary extract, 5 ug/ml bovine insulin, 0.18 ug/ml hydrocortisone, 5 ug/ml bovine transferrin, 0.2 ng/ml human epidermal growth factor (Cascade Biologics, Portland, Oregon), plus antibiotics of 100 U/ml penicillin G and 100 ug/ml streptomycin at 37ÂºC and 5% CO2. Media were changed every 24 hours. Experiment Overall Design: cDNA Microarray and RT-PCR Analysis: Experiment Overall Design: Cell cultures and migration assay: Normal human epidermal keratinocytes were maintained in 35-mm cell culture dishes and in EpiLife at 37ÂºC and 5% CO2. Keratinocytes were maintained in growth media and grown to confluency. At time 0, a cross-shaped wound gap or cell-free zone was made among confluent monolayer cells in the center of the culture dish, and detached cells were washed off with PBS and then replaced with growth medium. Non-invasive EMF treatment: Group 1 was treated for 1 hour immediately after wounding, at a frequency of 2080 cycles/second, electric field strength of 20mV/cm, and duty cycle of 90%. Group 2 was the control group, and received no treatment but was placed in the same hood at temperatures of 31Â±2ÂºC for the same period of time as their treatment counterparts. Each group was performed in triplicates. Experiment Overall Design: cDNA Microarray: RNA was isolated from cells using an RNeasy Mini RNA Isolation Kit (Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, Maryland), and converted to double stranded cDNA using a cDNA RT Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California). An in vitro transcription reaction was subsequently performed to produce biotin-labeled complementary RNA (cRNA) from the cDNA. Gene expression profiles were assessed using the Affymetrix Human Genome HU133A 2.0 GeneChip array, containing 22,277 sequenced human genes. GeneChip arrays were scanned using a GeneArray Scanner (Hewlett-Packard, Santa Clara, Calif). Hybridization data were analyzed using MAS 5.

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Spiky electric and magnetic field structures in flux rope experiments.

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Spiky electric and magnetic field structures in flux rope experiments.

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