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Preserving cultural heritage: Analyzing the antifungal potential of ionic liquids tested in paper restoration.

ABSTRACT: Early industrialization and the development of cheap production processes for paper have led to an exponential accumulation of paper-based documents during the last two centuries. Archives and libraries harbor vast amounts of ancient and modern documents and have to undertake extensive endeavors to protect them from abiotic and biotic deterioration. While services for mechanical preservation such as ex post de-acidification of historic documents are already commercially available, the possibilities for long-term protection of paper-based documents against fungal attack (apart from temperature and humidity control) are very limited. Novel processes for mechanical enhancement of damaged cellulosic documents use Ionic Liquids (IL) as essential process components. With some of these ILs having azole-functionalities similar to well-known fungicides such as Clotrimazole, the possibility of antifungal activities of these ILs was proposed but has not yet been experimentally confirmed. We evaluated the potency of four ILs with potential application in paper restoration for suppression of fungal growth on five relevant paper-infesting molds. The results revealed a general antifungal activity of all ILs, which increased with the size of the non-polar group. Physiological experiments and ultimate elemental analysis allowed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of each IL as well as the residual IL concentration in process-treated paper. These results provide valuable guidelines for IL-applications in paper restoration processes with antifungal activity as an added benefit. With azoles remaining in the paper after the process, simultaneous repair and biotic protection in treated documents could be facilitated.

SUBMITTER: Schmitz K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6748409 | biostudies-literature | 2019

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Preserving cultural heritage: Analyzing the antifungal potential of ionic liquids tested in paper restoration.

Schmitz Kevin K Wagner Sebastian S Reppke Manfred M Maier Christian Ludwig CL Windeisen-Holzhauser Elisabeth E Benz J Philipp JP

PloS one 20190917 9

Early industrialization and the development of cheap production processes for paper have led to an exponential accumulation of paper-based documents during the last two centuries. Archives and libraries harbor vast amounts of ancient and modern documents and have to undertake extensive endeavors to protect them from abiotic and biotic deterioration. While services for mechanical preservation such as ex post de-acidification of historic documents are already commercially available, the possibilit ...[more]

PMID: 31527882

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Project description:Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen causes fungal infections that range from common skin infections to persistent infections through biofilm formation on tissues, implants and life threatening systemic infections. New antifungal agents or therapeutic methods are desired due to high incidence of infections and emergence of drug-resistant strains. The present study aimed to evaluate (i) the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of 1-alklyl-3-methyl imidazolium ionic liquids ([CnMIM]+[X]-, n = 4, 12 and 16) against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and two clinical C. albicans strains and (ii) the mechanism of action of promising antifungal ionic liquid on C. albicans. Two of the tested compounds were identified as more effective in preventing growth and biofilm formation. These ionic liquid compounds with -dodecyl and -hexadecyl alkyl groups effectively prevented biofilm formation by fluconazole resistant C. albicans 10231 and two other clinical C. albicans strains. Although both the compounds caused viability loss in mature C. albicans biofilms, an ionic liquid with -hexadecyl group ([C16MIM]+[Cl]-) was more effective in dispersing mature biofilms. This promising ionic liquid compound ([C16MIM]+[Cl]-) was chosen for determining the underlying mode of action on C. albicans cells. Light microscopy showed that ionic liquid treatment led to a significant reduction in cell volume and length. Increased cell membrane permeability in the ionic liquid treated C. albicans cells was evident in propidium iodide staining. Leakage of intracellular material was evident in terms of increased absorbance of supernatant and release of potassium and calcium ions into extracellular medium. A decrease in ergosterol content was evident when C. albicans cells were cultured in the presence of antifungal ionic liquid. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein acetate assay revealed reactive oxygen species generation and accumulation in C. albicans cells upon treatment with antifungal ionic liquid. The effect of antifungal ionic liquid on mitochondria was evident by decreased membrane potential (measured by Rhodamine 123 assay) and loss of metabolic activity (measured by MTT assay). This study demonstrated that imidazolium ionic liquid compound exert antifungal and antibiofilm activity by affecting various cellular processes. Thus, imidazolium ionic liquids represent a promising antifungal treatment strategy in lieu of resistance development to common antifungal drugs.

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Preserving cultural heritage: Analyzing the antifungal potential of ionic liquids tested in paper restoration.

Publications

Preserving cultural heritage: Analyzing the antifungal potential of ionic liquids tested in paper restoration.

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