Browse
Submit Data
Databases
API
Help

Dataset Information

0 Views

0 Connections

0 Citations

0 Reanalyses

0 Downloads

Omics score: 0

Meta C-H Arylation of Electron-Rich Arenes: Reversing the Conventional Site Selectivity.

ABSTRACT: Controlling site selectivity of C-H activation without using a directing group remains a significant challenge. While Pd(II) catalysts modulated by a mutually repulsive pyridine-type ligand have been shown to favor the relatively electron-rich carbon centers of arenes, reversing the selectivity to favor palladation at the relatively electron-deficient positions has not been possible. Herein we report the first catalytic system that effectively performs meta C-H arylation of a variety of alkoxy aromatics including 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and chromane with exclusive meta site selectivity, thus reversing the conventional site selectivity governed by native electronic effects. The identification of an effective ligand and modified norbornene (NBE-CO2Me), as well as taking advantage of the statistics, are essential for achieving the exclusive meta selectivity.

SUBMITTER: Liu LY

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6750962 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Json Xml

Publications

meta C-H Arylation of Electron-Rich Arenes: Reversing the Conventional Site Selectivity.

Liu Luo-Yan LY Qiao Jennifer X JX Yeung Kap-Sun KS Ewing William R WR Yu Jin-Quan JQ

Journal of the American Chemical Society 20190906 37

Controlling site selectivity of C-H activation without using a directing group remains a significant challenge. While Pd(II) catalysts modulated by a mutually repulsive pyridine-type ligand have been shown to favor the relatively electron-rich carbon centers of arenes, reversing the selectivity to favor palladation at the relatively electron-deficient positions has not been possible. Herein we report the first catalytic system that effectively performs meta C-H arylation of a variety of a ...[more]

PMID: 31449745

Similar Datasets

Reversing conventional site-selectivity in C(sp3)-H bond activation.

Project description:One of the core barriers to developing C-H activation reactions is the ability to distinguish between multiple C-H bonds that are nearly identical in terms of electronic properties and bond strengths. Through recognition of distance and molecular geometry, remote C(sp2)-H bonds have been selectively activated in the presence of proximate ones. Yet achieving such unconventional site selectivity with C(sp3)-H bonds remains a paramount challenge. Here we report a combination of a simple pyruvic acid-derived directing group and a 2-pyridone ligand that enables the preferential activation of the distal γ-C(sp3)-H bond over the proximate β-C(sp3)-H bonds for a wide range of alcohol-derived substrates. A competition experiment between the five- and six-membered cyclopalladation step, as well as kinetic experiments, demonstrate the feasibility of using geometric strain to reverse the conventional site selectivity in C(sp3)-H activation.

| S-EPMC6628918 | biostudies-literature

Visible-Light-Mediated Photoredox-Catalyzed N-Arylation of NH-Sulfoximines with Electron-Rich Arenes.

Project description:The direct C-H/N-H dehydrogenative cross-coupling of NH-sulfoximines with electron-rich arenes was realized by oxidative visible-light photoredox catalysis, applying 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate as an organic photocatalyst. Sulfoximines display diverse desirable properties for medicinal chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. However, their preparation is still challenging. Our reaction proceeds without sacrificial oxidant, at room temperature and is highly selective for the C-N bond forming reaction. The scope of the reaction includes mono- and multi-alkylated and halogenated arenes, which are reacted with aromatic and aliphatic electron-rich and electron-poor NH-sulfoximines, giving moderate to excellent yields of the N-arylated sulfoximines. In addition, we successfully conducted the developed reaction on a gram scale (1.5 g). Mechanistic investigations show that both arene and NH-sulfoximine interact with the excited-state of the photocatalyst. We propose a radical-based mechanism, where both the arene and the NH-sulfoximine are photo-oxidized to their respective radical intermediates. Radical-radical cross-coupling subsequently leads to the N-arylated sulfoximine. Two electrons and two protons are released during the reaction and are subsequently converted into H2 by a proton-reducing cobalt-catalyst.

| S-EPMC6175368 | biostudies-literature

The site-selectivity and mechanism of Pd-catalyzed C(sp2)-H arylation of simple arenes.

Project description:Control over site-selectivity is a critical challenge for practical application of catalytic C-H functionalization reactions in organic synthesis. Despite the seminal breakthrough of the Pd-catalyzed C(sp2)-H arylation of simple arenes via a concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) pathway in 2006, understanding the site-selectivity of the reaction still remains elusive. Here, we have comprehensively investigated the scope, site-selectivity, and mechanism of the Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation reaction of simple arenes. Counterintuitively, electron-rich arenes preferably undergo meta-arylation without the need for a specifically designed directing group, whereas electron-deficient arenes bearing fluoro or cyano groups exhibit high ortho-selectivity and electron-deficient arenes bearing bulky electron-withdrawing groups favor the meta-product. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations through a combination of kinetic measurements and stoichiometric experiments using arylpalladium complexes have revealed that the Pd-based catalytic system works via a cooperative bimetallic mechanism, not the originally proposed monometallic CMD mechanism, regardless of the presence of a strongly coordinating L-type ligand. Notably, the transmetalation step, which is influenced by a potassium cation, is suggested as the selectivity-determining step.

| S-EPMC8178950 | biostudies-literature

Tuning reactivity and site selectivity of simple arenes in C-H activation: ortho-arylation of anisoles via arene-metal π-complexation.

Project description:Current approaches to achieve site selectivity in the C-H activation of arenes involve the use of directing groups or highly electron-poor arenes. In contrast, simple arenes, such as anisole, are characterized by poor reactivity and selectivity. We report that π-complexation to a Cr(CO)3 unit enhances the reactivity of anisoles providing an unprecedented ortho-selective arylation. This mild methodology can be used for the late stage functionalization of bioactive compounds containing the anisole motif, allowing the construction of novel organic scaffolds with few synthetic steps.

| S-EPMC4379957 | biostudies-literature

Catalytic Au(i)/Au(iii) arylation with the hemilabile MeDalphos ligand: unusual selectivity for electron-rich iodoarenes and efficient application to indoles.

Project description:The ability of the hemilabile (P,N) MeDalphos ligand to trigger oxidative addition of iodoarenes to gold has been thoroughly studied. Competition experiments and Hammett correlations substantiate a clear preference of gold for electron-enriched substrates both in stoichiometric oxidative addition reactions and in catalytic C-C cross-coupling with 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene. This feature markedly contrasts with the higher reactivity of electron-deprived substrates typically encountered with palladium. Based on DFT calculations and detailed analysis of the key transition states (using NBO, CDA and ETS-NOCV methods in particular), the different behavior of the two metals is proposed to result from inverse electron flow between the substrate and metal. Indeed, oxidative addition of iodobenzene is associated with a charge transfer from the substrate to the metal at the transition state for gold, but opposite for palladium. The higher electrophilicity of the gold center favors electron-rich substrates while important back-donation from palladium favors electron-poor substrates. Facile oxidative addition of iodoarenes combined with the propensity of gold(iii) complexes to readily react with electron-rich (hetero)arenes prompted us to apply the (MeDalphos)AuCl complex in the catalytic arylation of indoles, a challenging but very important transformation. The gold complex proved to be very efficient, general and robust. It displays complete regioselectivity for C3 arylation, it tolerates a variety of functional groups at both the iodoarene and indole partners (NO2, CO2Me, Br, OTf, Bpin, OMe…) and it proceeds under mild conditions (75 °C, 2 h).

| S-EPMC6685352 | biostudies-literature

Cu-Mediated C-H 18F-Fluorination of Electron-Rich (Hetero)arenes.

Project description:This communication describes a method for the nucleophilic radiofluorination of electron-rich arenes. The reaction involves the initial C(sp2)-H functionalization of an electron-rich arene with MesI(OH)OTs to form a (mesityl)(aryl)iodonium salt. This salt is then used in situ in a Cu-mediated radiofluorination with [18F]KF. This approach leverages the stability and availability of electron-rich arene starting materials to enable mild late-stage radiofluorination of toluene, anisole, aniline, pyrrole, and thiophene derivatives. The radiofluorination has been automated to access a 41 mCi dose of an 18F-labeled nimesulide derivative in high (2800 ± 700 Ci/mmol) specific activity.

| S-EPMC5525103 | biostudies-literature

Diindenopyrazines: Electron-Deficient Arenes.

Project description:The syntheses, properties and application of the air-stable electron acceptors, diindenopyrazines 4 a-g are reported demonstrating the introduction of functional aryl groups in the 6- and 12-positions. The targets are accessible on the hundred milligram to gram scale. The structure of the aryl groups in 4 a-g modulates their solubility, redox potentials and optical properties. The introduction of electron-poor aryl groups to the electron-poor diindenopyrazine backbone reduces the electron affinity to -4 eV, making the compounds attractive as n-semiconductors. A simple organic field-effect transistor of 4 e -without optimization- shows electron transport with a mobility of up to 0.037 cm2 V-1 s-1 .

| S-EPMC8361971 | biostudies-literature

Photoinduced oxidative activation of electron-rich arenes: alkenylation with H2 evolution under external oxidant-free conditions.

Project description:The dehydrogenative cross-coupling of arenes and alkenes is a particularly ideal approach for the synthesis of aryl alkenes. Herein, we report a photo-induced C-H/C-H cross-coupling between electron-rich arenes and styrene derivatives using a dual catalytic system containing an acridinium photosensitizer and a cobaloxime proton-reducing catalyst. This catalytic system enables the Csp2-Csp2 bond formation accompanying H2 evolution. Various substituted aryl alkenes can be afforded with good to excellent yields and high ?-regioselectivity.

| S-EPMC5887105 | biostudies-literature

Dehydration in water: frustrated Lewis pairs directly catalyzed allylization of electron-rich arenes and allyl alcohols.

Project description:A frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-catalyzed allylation of allyl alcohols with electron-rich arenes has been developed. Interestingly, in this reaction, the electron-rich arenes and allyl alcohols are dehydrated in water. What's more, water was the sole byproduct of the reaction. In this protocol, various allyl alcohols can be converted into allyl cations and attacked by the electron-rich arenes to form aryl cation intermediates. Finally, the aryl cation intermediates are deprotonated to give the 1,3-diarylpropenes. In this protocol, indole allyl alcohols can undergo a bimolecular ring closure reaction, and structurally diverse tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazoles could be smoothly obtained. The reaction is not sensitive to oxygen and has been performed on a gram-scale.

| S-EPMC9053410 | biostudies-literature

Expanding chemical space by para-C-H arylation of arenes.

Project description:Biaryl scaffolds are privileged templates used in the discovery and design of therapeutics with high affinity and specificity for a broad range of protein targets. Biaryls are found in the structures of therapeutics, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neurological and antihypertensive drugs. However, existing synthetic routes to biphenyls rely on traditional coupling approaches that require both arenes to be prefunctionalized with halides or pseudohalides with the desired regiochemistry. Therefore, the coupling of drug fragments may be challenging via conventional approaches. As an attractive alternative, directed C-H activation has the potential to be a versatile tool to form para-substituted biphenyl motifs selectively. However, existing C-H arylation protocols are not suitable for drug entities as they are hindered by catalyst deactivation by polar and delicate functionalities present alongside the instability of macrocyclic intermediates required for para-C-H activation. To address this challenge, we have developed a robust catalytic system that displays unique efficacy towards para-arylation of highly functionalized substrates such as drug entities, giving access to structurally diversified biaryl scaffolds. This diversification process provides access to an expanded chemical space for further exploration in drug discovery. Further, the applicability of the transformation is realized through the synthesis of drug molecules bearing a biphenyl fragment. Computational and experimental mechanistic studies further provide insight into the catalytic cycle operative in this versatile C-H arylation protocol.

| S-EPMC9270437 | biostudies-literature