Dataset Information

Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka: a case control study.

ABSTRACT:

Background

Endometrial carcinoma burden is on the rise globally. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Western province in Sri Lanka.

Methods

A case control study was conducted recruiting 83 incident cases of endometrial carcinoma and 332 unmatched hospital controls from all the secondary and tertiary care hospitals in the province using consecutive sampling technique. A case was defined as a postmenopausal woman who had been residing in the province for at least a period of 1 year, diagnosed to have endometrial carcinoma with histological confirmation within 3 months of the initiation of data collection of the study. Data were collected using validated interviewer administered questionnaire. Risk factor were identified through multiple logistic regression and results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

The independent risk factors of endometrial carcinoma are having family history of any type of cancer among first degree relative (AOR?=?12.6; 95% CI:5.14-30.9), generalized obesity (BMI ?25?kg/m²) (AOR?=?11.85; 95% CI:5.12-27.4), never conceived (AOR?=?3.84; 95% CI:1.37-10.7), age at menarche ?11?years (AOR?=?4.07; 95% CI:1.16-14.2), age?>?55?years (AOR?=?4.69; 95% CI:2.16-10.2), monthly family income of ?20,000 Rupees (AOR?=?2.65; 95% CI:1.31-5.39), sub-optimal consumption of deep fried food (AOR?=?0.17; 95% CI:0.06-0.46), and low level household activities (AOR?=?2.82; 95% CI:1.34-5.92).

Conclusions

There were eight independent risk factors of endometrial carcinoma specific for Sri Lankan postmenopausal women identified. Some modifiable risk factors such as generalized obesity, sub-optimal dietary practices and low level physical activities need to be addressed at primary prevention level.

SUBMITTER: Jayawickcrama WIU

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6816310 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka: a case control study.

Jayawickcrama Withanage Iresha Udayangani WIU Abeysena Chrishantha C

BMC public health 20191028 1

<h4>Background</h4>Endometrial carcinoma burden is on the rise globally. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Western province in Sri Lanka.<h4>Methods</h4>A case control study was conducted recruiting 83 incident cases of endometrial carcinoma and 332 unmatched hospital controls from all the secondary and tertiary care hospitals in the province using consecutive sampling technique. A case was defined as a postmenop ...[more]

PMID: 31660927

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Project description:BACKGROUND:Oesophageal carcinoma (OC) is one of the leading cancers in Sri Lanka. Its increasing incidence despite the implementation of various preventive activities addressing the conventional risk factors indicates the possibility of the existence of novel, country-specific risk factors. Thus, the identification of novel risk factors of OC specific to Sri Lanka is crucial for implementation of primary prevention activities. METHODS:A case-control study was conducted among 49 incident cases of OC recruited from the National Cancer Institute, Maharagama using a non-probability sampling method, and unmatched hospital controls (n?=?196) excluded of having OC recruited from the endoscopy unit of the National Hospital of Sri Lanka. Data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Risk factors for OC were assessed by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk factors were adjusted for possible confounding by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS:Of the study population, OC was common among males (69%) and the majority presented with squamous cell carcinoma (65%) at late stages (Stage IV: 45%; Stage III: 37%). Following adjusting for confounders, the risk factor profile for OC included; age?>?65 years (OR?=?4.0; 95% CI: 1.2-14.2); family history of cancer (OR?=?5.04; 95% CI: 1.3-19.0); sub-optimal consumption of dietary fibre (OR?=?3.58; 95% CI: 1.1-12.3); sub-optimal consumption of anti-oxidants (OR?=?7.0; 95% CI: 2.2-22.5); over-consumption of deep fried food (OR?=?6.68; 95% CI:2.0-22.6); 'high risk' alcohol drinking (OR?=?11.7; 95% CI: 2.8-49.4); betel quid chewing (OR?=?6.1; 95% CI: 2.0, 20.0); 'low' lifetime total sports and exercise activities (MET hours/week/year) (OR?=?5.83; 95% CI: 1.5-23.0); agrochemicals exposure (OR?=?6.57; 95% CI: 1.4-30.3); pipe-borne drinking water (OR?=?5.62; 95% CI:1.7-18.9) and radiation exposure (OR?=?4.64; 95% CI: 1.4-15.5). Significant effect modifications were seen between betel quid chewing and male sex (p?=?0.01) and between ever exposure to radiation and age over 65 years (p?=?0.04). CONCLUSIONS:Risk profile for OC includes novel yet modifiable risk factors in relation to diet, occupation, environment and health. Primary prevention should target these to combat OC in Sri Lanka.

Project description:Background:Vitamin D deficiency is common among post-menopausal women and it is important to treat vitamin D deficiency to prevent falls and fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Few studies examined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in general population of Sri Lanka but no studies to date done among post-menopausal women with osteoporosis in Sri Lanka. This is the first study in Sri Lanka of such kind conducted to evaluate the serum vitamin D levels among postmenopausal women. Methods:Cross-sectional study was conducted at the Endocrine Unit, Teaching Hospital Jaffna from January to December 2018. During this period 105 postmenopausal women who registered for bone density assessment were recruited to the study. Data collection was done by investigators and blood sample was taken from each participant by registered nurses and total 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D level (25(OH)-Vit D) was measured by competitive immunoassay with enhanced chemiluminiscence technique, levels were categorized and analysis was done using SPSS 26. Results:Mean age of 105 postmenopausal women was 67.7 with minimum 33 and maximum 84?years. Mean total 25(OH)-Vit D was 27.5 (range11.7-52.5?ng/mL). 25(OH)-Vit D levels were adequate in only 36.2% (95%CI: 27-45), 44% had insufficient levels and deficiency was present in 19% (95%CI: 12-27) of postmenopausal women. Among total study participants 20% were vegetarian, 53, 76.2 and 64.8% were consuming milk, fish and egg respectively and 71.4% reported adequate level of sun exposure (>?30?min/day). Commonly reported vitamin D deficiency symptoms include paraesthesia (57.1%), bone-pain (55.2%), easy fatigability (54.3%), malaise (51.4%), muscle cramps (43.8%) and proximal myopathy (40.0%). Nevertheless, comparison of musculoskeletal symptoms between group with sufficient level and group with insufficient and deficient level showed no significant difference (P?>?0.05). Among 71 participants (66.7%) who completed bone density assessment, 38% (95%CI: 27-49) showed osteoporosis. Vertebral Z score showed a significant correlation with 25(OH)-Vit D level (r-0.252, P-0.03). Conclusion:Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is relatively high among the post-menopausal women with a provisional diagnosis of osteoporosis. It is essential to consider vitamin D supplementation when initiating treatment for osteoporosis. Hence, Vitamin D testing is desirable in decision making to treat or not to treat.

Project description:PurposeEffective business networks, experienced mentors, and access to financial and business knowledge are crucial for small-scale entrepreneurs to overcome challenges and barriers towards growth. Women entrepreneurs have limited access to information, training, credit, and networks compared to that of men entrepreneurs. Business Associations (BAs) are self-governing bodies designed to meet the needs of entrepreneurs in a specific local, national and regional socio-economic-cultural context. This study investigates firstly the potential of BAs to support and empower women entrepreneurs and the difficulties encountered by women in taking up leadership positions in BAs.MethodsThree sub-sectors from among tourism enterprises in Hikkaduwa Urban Council, Galle District, in Sri Lanka were studied. A questionnaire survey among 390 respondents (195 women, 195 men) was conducted aiming to understand the profile of entrepreneurs. Employing 24 in-depth interviews (12 women, 12 men), a further investigation was taken to ascertain the underlying reasons of their decisions in business and family.FindingsDetermined to overcome the challenges, women entrepreneurs join BAs thus gaining access to business resources such as financial, information and connections. They become members of multiple BAs seeking tenacities to address difficulties they face as women entrepreneurs. However, women's participation is restricted to low-level positions while significant leadership positions in BAs tend to be dominated by male thereby obstructing a great deal of potential benefits yieldable by women.RecommendationsWe recommend that BAs promote women across the entire hierarchy of organization making BAs more relevant to women members who are in greater need of its services.Research limitations/and future researchThis study covers three sub-sectors of the tourism industry in one district in Sri Lanka wherein more research is demanded covering larger industries and geographies to develop nuanced theories about the potentially powerful roles that BAs could play to support women entrepreneurs. Business/trade associations hold enormous potential to support women entrepreneurs with critically important resources, i.e., mentoring and networking. Further research is required to further analyze how to promote women's leadership in BAs. Since the study was done before Covid-19 pandemic, gender impact of the pandemic could not be integrated.

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Dataset Information

Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka: a case control study.

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Risk factors for endometrial carcinoma among postmenopausal women in Sri Lanka: a case control study.

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