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Effects of feed intake on the diversity and population density of homoacetogens in the large intestine of pigs.

ABSTRACT: Objective:Homoacetogens play important roles in the production of acetate in the large intestine of monogastric mammals. However, their diversity in the porcine large intestine is still unknown. Marker gene analysis was performed to assess the effects of energy level on the diversity and population densities of homoacetogens in porcine feces. Methods:Crossbred pigs were fed high or low energy-level diets. The high-intake (HI) diet was sufficient to allow a daily gain of 1.2 kg. The low-intake (LI) diet provided 0.6 times the amount of energy as the HI diet. Genetic diversity was analyzed using formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (FTHFS) gene (fhs) clone libraries derived from fecal DNA samples. fhs DNA copy numbers were quantified using real-time PCR. Results:A wide variety of fhs sequences was recovered from animals in both treatments. No differences in fhs clone libraries between the HI and LI groups were found. During the experimental period, no significant differences in the proportion of fhs copy numbers were observed between the two treatment groups. Conclusion:This is the first reported molecular diversity analysis using specific homoacetogen marker genes from the large intestines of pigs. There was no observable effect of feed intake on acetogen diversity.

SUBMITTER: Matsui H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6819677 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of feed intake on the diversity and population density of homoacetogens in the large intestine of pigs.

Matsui Hiroki H Mimura Ayumi A Maekawa Sakiko S Ban-Tokuda Tomomi T

Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences 20190214 12

<h4>Objective</h4>Homoacetogens play important roles in the production of acetate in the large intestine of monogastric mammals. However, their diversity in the porcine large intestine is still unknown. Marker gene analysis was performed to assess the effects of energy level on the diversity and population densities of homoacetogens in porcine feces.<h4>Methods</h4>Crossbred pigs were fed high or low energy-level diets. The high-intake (HI) diet was sufficient to allow a daily gain of 1.2 kg. Th ...[more]

PMID: 31010997

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Project description:BackgroundMethane emissions from pigs account for 10% of total methane production from livestock in China. Methane emissions not only contribute to global warming, as it has 25 times the global warming potential (GWP) of CO2, but also represent approximately 0.1~3.3% of digestive energy loss. Methanogens also play an important role in maintaining the balance of the gut microbiome. The large intestines are the main habitat for the microbiome in pigs. Thus, to better understand the mechanism of methane production and mitigation, generic-specific and physio-ecological characteristics (including redox potential (Eh), pH and volatile fatty acids (VFAs)) and methanogens in the large intestine of pig were studied in this paper. Thirty DLY finishing pigs with the same diet and feeding conditions were selected for this experiment.ResultA total of 219 clones were examined using the methyl coenzyme reductase subunit A gene (mcrA) and assigned to 43 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on a 97% species-level identity criterion. The family Methanobacteriaceae was the dominant methanogen in colonic digesta of finishing pigs, accounting for approximately 70.6% of the identified methanogens, and comprised mainly the genera Methanobrevibacter (57%) and Methanosphaera (14%). The order Methanomassiliicoccales, classified as an uncultured taxonomy, accounted for 15.07%. The methanogenic archaeon WGK1 and unclassified Methanomicrobiales belonging to the order of Methanomicrobiales accounted for 4.57 and 1.37%, respectively. The Eh was negative and within the range - 297.00~423.00 mV and the pH was within the range 5.04~6.97 in the large intestine. The populations of total methanogens and Methanobacteriales were stable in different parts of the large intestine according to real-time PCR.ConclusionThe major methanogen in the large intestine of finishing pigs was Methanobrevibacter. The seventh order Methanomassiliicoccales and species Methanosphaera stadtmanae present in the large intestine of pigs might contribute to the transfer of hydrogen and fewer methane emissions. The redox potential (Eh) was higher in the large intestine of finishing pigs, which had a positive correlation with the population of Methanobacteriale.

Project description:To identify a proper strategy for future feed-efficient pig farming, it is required to evaluate the ongoing selection scenarios. Tools are lacking for the evaluation of pig selection scenarios in terms of environmental impacts to provide selection guidelines for a more sustainable pig production. Selection on residual feed intake (RFI) has been proposed to improve feed efficiency and potentially reduce the associated environmental impacts. The aim of this study was thus to develop a model to account for individual animal performance in life cycle assessment (LCA) methods to quantify the responses to selection. Experimental data were collected from the fifth generation of pig lines divergently selected for RFI (low line, more efficient pigs, LRFI; high line, less efficient pigs, HRFI). The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) and daily feed intake of LRFI pigs were 7% lower than the average of HRFI pigs (P < 0.0001). A parametric model was developed for LCA based on the dietary net energy fluxes in a pig system. A nutritional pig growth tool, InraPorc®, was included as a module in the model to embed flexibility for changes in feed composition, animal performance traits and housing conditions and to simulate individual pig performance. The comparative individual-based LCA showed that LRFI had an average of 7% lower environmental impacts per kilogram live pig at farm gate compared to HRFI (P < 0.0001) on climate change, acidification potential, freshwater eutrophication potential, land occupation and water depletion. High correlations between FCR and all environmental impact categories (>0.95) confirmed the importance of improvement in feed efficiency to reduce environmental impacts. Significant line differences in all impact categories and moderate correlations with impacts (>0.51) revealed that RFI is an effective measure to select for improved environmental impacts, despite lower correlations compared to FCR. Altogether more optimal criteria for efficient environment-friendly selection can then be expected through restructuring the selection indexes from an environmental point of view.

Project description:The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contains complex microbial communities and plays an essential role in the overall health of the host. Previous studies of beef cattle feed efficiency have primarily concentrated on the ruminal microbiota because it plays a key role in energy production and nutrient supply in the host. Although the small intestine is the important site of post-ruminal digestion and absorption of nutrients, only a few studies have explored the relationship between the microbial populations in the small intestine and feed efficiency. Moreover, variations in GIT metabolites contribute to differences in feed efficiency. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships among bacterial populations of duodenum, jejunum, ileum; microbial metabolites; and RFI phenotype of beef cattle. We carried out by using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In the duodenum, the relative abundances of Firmicutes ( p < 0.01), Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Family_XIII, Christensenellaceae, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group ( p < 0.05), and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group ( p < 0.05) were higher in the low residual feed intake (LRFI) group compared with the high residual feed intake (HRFI) group, whereas the HRFI group had higher abundances of Proteobacteria and Acinetobacter ( p < 0.01). In the jejunum, the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group were higher in the LRFI group ( p < 0.05). In the ileum, the relative abundances of Ruminococcaceae ( p < 0.01), Christensenellaceae, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Ruminococcus_2 were also higher in the LRFI group ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the genera Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Ruminococcus_2 were negatively associated with RFI, while the genus Acinetobacter was positively associated with RFI. The metabolomics analysis revealed that the LRFI group significantly improved protein digestion and absorption, as well as glycerophospholipid metabolism in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The correlation between intestinal microorganisms and metabolites revealed that some microorganisms play an important role in amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, nutrient digestion and absorption, and antioxidant enhancement. The present study provides a better understanding of the small intestinal microbiota and metabolites of beef cattle with different RFI phenotypes and the relationships among them, which are potentially important for the improvement of beef cattle feed efficiency.

Project description:Microbes and microbial components potentially impact the performance of pigs through immune stimulation and altered metabolism. These immune modulating factors can include endotoxin from gram negative bacterial outer membrane component, commonly referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, our objective was to examine the relationship between intestinal barrier integrity, endotoxin and inflammation with feed efficiency (FE), using pig lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) as a model. Twelve gilts (62 ± 3 kg BW) from the low RFI (LRFI, more efficient) and 12 from the high RFI (HRFI, less efficient) were used. Individual performance data was recorded for 5 wk. At the end of the experimental period, ADFI of LRFI pigs was less (P < 0.001), ADG not different between the 2 lines (P = 0.72) but the G:F of LRFI pigs was greater than for HRFI pigs (P = 0.019). Serum endotoxin concentration (P < 0.01) and the acute phase protein haptoglobin (P < 0.05) were greater in HRFI pigs. Transepithelial resistance of the ileum, transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled-Dextran and-LPS in ileum and colon, as well as tight junction protein mRNA expression in ileum, did not differ between the lines, indicating the 2 lines did not differ in transport characteristics at the intestinal level. Ileum inflammatory markers, myeloperoxidase (P < 0.05) and IL-8 (P < 0.10), were found to be greater in HRFI pigs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly increased in the LRFI pigs in ileum and liver tissues and negatively correlated with blood endotoxin (P < 0.05). Lysozyme activity in the liver was not different between the lines; however, the LRFI pigs had a twofold greater lysozyme activity in ileum (P < 0.05). Despite the difference in their activity, ALP or lysozyme mRNA expression was not different between the lines in either tissue. Decreased endotoxin and inflammatory markers and the enhanced activities of antimicrobial enzymes in the LRFI line may not fully explain the difference in the FE between the lines, but they have the potential to prevent the growth potential in HRFI pigs. Further studies are needed to identify the other mechanisms that may contribute to the greater endotoxin and acute phase proteins in the HRFI pigs and the greater FE in the LRFI pigs.

Dataset Information

Effects of feed intake on the diversity and population density of homoacetogens in the large intestine of pigs.

Publications

Effects of feed intake on the diversity and population density of homoacetogens in the large intestine of pigs.

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