Anaplasma spp. in dairy ruminants in Jordan: high individual and herd-level seroprevalence and association with abortions.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Obaidat MM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6838719 | biostudies-literature | 2019 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous distributed zoonotic infectious disease present in wild and domestic animals. This study aimed to estimate within-herd and herd-level seroprevalence against pathogenic Leptospira spp. in dairy cows from southern Chile and identify risk factors associated with the herd-level status. We used a multi-stage strategy combined with a stratified sample strategy for randomly sampling 147 herds and 4876 lactating cows. We considered as infected a herd with at least one positive reactor to MAT. In addition, an epidemiological survey was applied to the herd's owners and a logistic regression (LR) model was constructed to analyze it. The overall within-herd prevalence was 5.9% (95% CI 4.9-6.8), the overall herd-level prevalence was 42.2% (95% CI 9.2-47.9), and there was variation in both between different herd sizes. L. borgpetersenii serovars Hardjo and Tarassovi and L. interrogans serovar Pomona were the more frequent serovars in non-vaccinated herds. A factor that decreases the risk of a farm being infected was Leptospira vaccine usage (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.02-0.11), and variables that increase risk were using bulls for mating (OR = 3.43; 95% CI = 1.1-10.1) and continuous calving distribution (OR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.3-8.8). The study's results will contribute to unravelling the infection burden in the main dairy area of the country and designing control strategies.
| S-EPMC8614305 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Abortions in dairy animals can be caused by several infectious agents. Identification of the actual causal agent(s) is important for formulating suitable control strategies. A 3-year (2016-2018) longitudinal study was conducted in a dairy farm following an abortion storm in the mid- to late gestations. The investigation focused on the seven major infectious abortifacient in cattle, viz. bovine alphaherpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Neospora caninum, Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira Hardjo, and Listeria monocytogenes. High seroprevalence was observed for BVDV (79.4%), Leptospira (70.5%), BoHV-1 (53.5%), and Brucella (45.0%) at the beginning of the investigation (August 2016). The incidence proportion increased for BVDV, Leptospira, and Brucella in the following years of the investigation. A strong association of Brucella seropositivity with history of abortion (OR = 3.27) was recorded. Incidence of BoHV-1 reduced during the period of study coincident with systematic IBR inactivated marker vaccination of the herd. Sixty-four abortion cases were investigated for the identification of causative agent(s) by microbial culture, serological (ELISA), and molecular detection (PCR/ real-time PCR). Antibodies to BVDV, Brucella, BoHV-1, Leptospira, Neospora, and Coxiella were detected in 63, 61, 56, 35, 5, and 6 aborting cattle, respectively. Real-time PCR/PCR of clinical specimens detected DNA of Brucella, BoHV-1, Coxiella, Leptospira, and Listeria in 34, 13, 12, 9, and 4 abortion cases, respectively. BVDV and Neospora were not detected in any specimen samples. Brucella abortus isolated from the farm was determined as ST1 by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). DNA of multiple agents were detected in 21 of the 64 cases (43.75%). Overall, the data suggests, Brucella was the major causative agent, although multiple causative agents circulated in the farm.
| S-EPMC7966683 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. are tick-transmitted bacteria that are of significant economic importance as they can infect large and small ruminants and also people. There is little information on anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in ruminants in China. 16S rRNA FRET-qPCRs were used to screen convenience whole blood samples from 2,240 domestic ruminants in 12 provinces of China for Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. Positive samples were further analyzed with a standard PCR for the gltA. Anaplasma spp. DNA was detected in the sheep (11.7%; 13/111), goats (81.8%; 219/270), cattle (13.2%; 241/1,830), and water buffaloes (6.9%; 2/29). Ehrlichia spp. DNA was detected in sheep (1.8%; 2/111), goats (1.1%; 3/270), and cattle (3.6%; 65/1830) but not in water buffaloes (0/29). Sequencing of gltA PCR products showed that A. marginale, A. ovis, Ehrlichia canis, and Ehrlichia sp. (JX629807) were present in ruminants from China, while the 16S rRNA FRET-qPCR sequence data indicated that there might also be A. platys, A. phagocytophilum, Anaplasma sp. BL126-13 (KJ410243), and Anaplasma sp. JC3-6 (KM227012). Our study shows that domestic ruminants from China are not uncommonly infected with a variety of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp.
| S-EPMC5206432 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Fasciola hepatica and Ostertagia ostertagi infections are widespread in cattle population of Europe, however data on their prevalence in Poland are only fragmentary. Therefore, the cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the herd-level seroprevalence of F. hepatica and O. ostertagi infection in dairy cattle population in the central and north-eastern provinces Poland, and to identify basic local risk factors for these infections. In total, 598 herds were enrolled, 394 (65.9%) in the north-eastern province and 204 (34.1%) in the central province. In each herd the questionnaire survey was conducted and bulk-tank milk (BTM) sample was collected and screened using two indirect immunoenzymatic tests. Optical density ratio (ODR) was regarded as the quantitative proxy of exposure to either of the two parasites.Both Fasciola and Ostertagia ELISA ODR in the north-eastern province was significantly higher than ODR in the central province. At the cut-off value of ODR?=?0.27 the true herd-level seroprevalence of F. hepatica was 79.6% (95% CI: 74.0%, 84.3%) in the north-eastern province and 13.0% (95% CI: 5.3%, 21.7%) in the central province. At the cut-off of ODR?=?0.50151 of 188 herds (80.3%, 95% CI: 74.1%, 85.4%) were seropositive for O. ostertagi in the north-eastern province and only 70 of 136 herds (51.5%, 95% CI: 43.1%, 59.7%) were seropositive in the central province. Location of a herd in the north-eastern province, longer grazing period practiced in a herd and?>?50%-share of grazing grass in roughage were all positively related to the increase in exposure to both parasites. Moreover, the use of hay or haylage as main roughage proved to be positively related to the increase in exposure to F. hepatica.F. hepatica and O. ostertagi are widespread in cattle population in Poland, however their occurrence at a herd-level varies between different regions of Poland. This diversity can only partly be explained by different herd management, and appears linked to environmental and climate conditions typical for these regions.
| S-EPMC5905167 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mastitis imposes considerable and recurring economic losses on the dairy industry worldwide. The main objective of this study was to estimate herd-level costs incurred by expenditures and production losses associated with mastitis on Canadian dairy farms in 2015, based on producer reports. Previously, published mastitis economic frameworks were used to develop an economic model with the most important cost components. Components investigated were divided between clinical mastitis (CM), subclinical mastitis (SCM), and other costs components (i.e., preventive measures and product quality). A questionnaire was mailed to 374 dairy producers randomly selected from the (Canadian National Dairy Study 2015) to collect data on these costs components, and 145 dairy producers returned a completed questionnaire. For each herd, costs due to the different mastitis-related components were computed by applying the values reported by the dairy producer to the developed economic model. Then, for each herd, a proportion of the costs attributable to a specific component was computed by dividing absolute costs for this component by total herd mastitis-related costs. Median self-reported CM incidence was 19 cases/100 cow-year and mean self-reported bulk milk somatic cell count was 184,000 cells/mL. Most producers reported using post-milking teat disinfection (97%) and dry cow therapy (93%), and a substantial proportion of producers reported using pre-milking teat disinfection (79%) and wearing gloves during milking (77%). Mastitis costs were substantial (662 CAD per milking cow per year for a typical Canadian dairy farm), with a large portion of the costs (48%) being attributed to SCM, and 34 and 15% due to CM and implementation of preventive measures, respectively. For SCM, the two most important cost components were the subsequent milk yield reduction and culling (72 and 25% of SCM costs, respectively). For CM, first, second, and third most important cost components were culling (48% of CM costs), milk yield reduction following the CM events (34%), and discarded milk (11%), respectively. This study is the first since 1990 to investigate costs of mastitis in Canada. The model developed in the current study can be used to compute mastitis costs at the herd and national level in Canada.
| S-EPMC5961536 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Anaplasma and Mycobacterium species are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. The objectives of this study were (a) to characterize global gene expression profiles in European red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to Anaplasma ovis and A. ovis/Mycobacterium bovis/M. avium sub. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections, (b) to compare the expression of immune response genes between A. ovis- and A. ovis/M. bovis/MAP-infected deer, and (c) to characterize the differential expression of immune response genes identified in red deer in cattle infected with M. bovis and A. marginale. The results of this study showed that global gene differential expression in A. ovis- and A. ovis/M. bovis/MAP-infected deer results in the modification of common and pathogen-specific cellular biological processes. The differential expression of host immune response genes also showed pathogen-specific signatures and the effect of infection with multiple pathogens on red deer host immune response. These results suggested that intracellular bacteria from Anaplasma and Mycobacterium genera use similar mechanisms to infect and multiply within ruminant host cells while pathogen-specific mechanisms underline differences that could contribute to disease characterization and diagnosis in ruminants.
2010-12-31 | GSE21967 | GEO
Project description:Anaplasma and Mycobacterium species are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. The objectives of this study were (a) to characterize global gene expression profiles in European red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to Anaplasma ovis and A. ovis/Mycobacterium bovis/M. avium sub. paratuberculosis (MAP) infections, (b) to compare the expression of immune response genes between A. ovis- and A. ovis/M. bovis/MAP-infected deer, and (c) to characterize the differential expression of immune response genes identified in red deer in cattle infected with M. bovis and A. marginale. The results of this study showed that global gene differential expression in A. ovis- and A. ovis/M. bovis/MAP-infected deer results in the modification of common and pathogen-specific cellular biological processes. The differential expression of host immune response genes also showed pathogen-specific signatures and the effect of infection with multiple pathogens on red deer host immune response. These results suggested that intracellular bacteria from Anaplasma and Mycobacterium genera use similar mechanisms to infect and multiply within ruminant host cells while pathogen-specific mechanisms underline differences that could contribute to disease characterization and diagnosis in ruminants. A gene expression pre analysis was made in deers naturally infected with Anaplasma ovis and Mycobacterium complex using Affymetrix Bos taurus microarray to detect differentialy expressed genes. The immune response genes with variation in expression were analyzed by real time RT-PCR in the same samples and a bigger group of deers. A real time RT-PCR analysis was also made in Bos taurus naturally infected with Anaplasma marignale.
2010-12-31 | E-GEOD-21967 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:This study was conducted in four districts (Malakand, Swat, Bajaur and Shangla) of Northern Pakistan to investigate the prevalence, associated risk factors and phylogenetic analyses of Theileria and Anaplasma species in small ruminants. A total of 800 blood samples, 200 from each district, were collected from apparently healthy animals. PCR assays were performed using generic primers for Anaplasma spp. and Theileria spp. as well as species specific primers for A. ovis and T. ovis. Overall infection prevalence was 361/800 (45.1%). Theileria spp. infection prevalence (187/800, 23.3%) was higher than Anaplasma spp. (174/800, 21.7%). Amplified partial 18S rRNA genes were sequenced and enrolled animals were found to be infected by T. ovis (115/800, 14.3%), and at least two more Theileria species (72/800, 9%) were present (T. lestoquardi and T. annulata). All blood samples that were found to be positive for Anaplasma spp. were also positive for A. ovis. Infection prevalence was higher in sheep (227/361, 28.3%) compared to goats (134/361, 16.6%) (p < 0.005). Univariable analysis of risk factors showed that host, age, grazing system and acaricide treatment were significant determinants (p < 0.05) for both Theileria and Anaplasma infections. Multivariable analysis revealed that host, sex, age, tick infestation and grazing system were significant risk factors (p < 0.005) for both pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed variants among the A. ovis and T. annulata samples analysed, indicating that different genotypes are circulating in the field while T. ovis presented the same genotype for the samples analysed.
| S-EPMC7792498 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC11242548 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAnaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular, tick-transmitted bacterium that causes granulocytic anaplasmosis in humans and several mammalian species including domestic ruminants where it is called tick-borne fever (TBF). Different genetic variants exist but their impact with regard to putative differences in host associations and pathogenicity are not yet completely understood.MethodsNatural infections with A. phagocytophilum in a dairy cattle herd in Germany were investigated over one pasture season by using serology, haematology, blood chemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequence analysis of partial 16S rRNA, groEL, msp2 and msp4 genes of A. phagocytophilum was carried out in order to trace possible genetic variants and their relations between cattle, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and ticks (Ixodes ricinus) in this area.ResultsIn total 533 samples from 58 cattle, 310 ticks, three roe deer and one wild boar were examined. Our results show (i) typical clinical symptoms of TBF in first-time infected heifers, such as high fever, reduced milk yield, lower limb oedema and typical haematological and biochemical findings such as severe leukopenia, erythropenia, neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, monocytopenia, a significant increase in creatinine and bilirubin and a significant decrease in serum albumin, γ-GT, GLDH, magnesium and calcium; (ii) a high overall prevalence of A. phagocytophilum infections in this herd as 78.9% (15/19) of the naïve heifers were real-time PCR-positive and 75.9% (44/58) of the entire herd seroconverted; and (iii) a high level of sequence variation in the analysed genes with five variants of the 16S rRNA gene, two variants of the groEL gene, three variants of the msp2 gene and four variants in the msp4 gene with certain combinations of these variants.ConclusionsIn cattle particular combinations of the genetic variants of A. phagocytophilum occurred, whereas three roe deer showed different variants altogether. This is indicative for a sympatric circulation of variants in this small geographical region (< 1 km2). Both re- and superinfections with A. phagocytophilum were observed in five cattle showing that infection does not result in sterile immunity. For prevention of clinical cases we suggest pasturing of young, not pregnant heifers to reduce economical losses.
| S-EPMC5759301 | biostudies-literature