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Growth-Correcting the Bioconcentration Factor and Biomagnification Factor in Bioaccumulation Assessments.

ABSTRACT: We illustrate that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 305 (OECD-305) for growth-correcting bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and biomagnification factors (BMFs) violates the mass-balance assumption underlying the definition of BCFs and BMFs and provides unrealistic estimates of BCFs and BMFs of chemicals in nongrowing fish. We present and test alternative methods for growth-correcting BCFs and BMFs that maintain mass balance. We conclude that the OECD-305-recommended growth correction of BCFs and BMFs causes error, is unnecessary, and should be revisited. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2065-2072. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.

SUBMITTER: Gobas FAPC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6852268 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Growth-Correcting the Bioconcentration Factor and Biomagnification Factor in Bioaccumulation Assessments.

Gobas Frank A P C FAPC Lee Yung-Shan YS

Environmental toxicology and chemistry 20190801 9

We illustrate that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline 305 (OECD-305) for growth-correcting bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and biomagnification factors (BMFs) violates the mass-balance assumption underlying the definition of BCFs and BMFs and provides unrealistic estimates of BCFs and BMFs of chemicals in nongrowing fish. We present and test alternative methods for growth-correcting BCFs and BMFs that maintain mass balance. We conclude that the OECD-305-recommen ...[more]

PMID: 31162716

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Project description:The densely populated North Sea region encompasses catchments of rivers such as Scheldt and Meuse. Herein, agricultural, industrial, and household chemicals are emitted, transported by water, and deposited in sediments, posing ecological risks. Though sediment monitoring is often costly and time-intensive, modeling its toxicity to biota has received little attention. Due to high complexity of interacting variables that induce overall toxicity, monitoring data only sporadically validates current models. Via a range of concepts, we related bio-physicochemical constituents of sediment in Flanders to results from toxicity bioassays performed on the ostracod Heterocypris incongruens. Depending on the water body, we explain up to 90% of the variance in H. incongruens growth. Though variable across Flanders' main water bodies, organotin cations and ammonia dominate the observed toxicity according to toxic unit (TU) assessments. Approximately 10% relates to testing conditions/setups, species variabilities, incoherently documented pollutant concentrations, and/or bio-physicochemical sediment properties. We elucidated the influence of organotin cations and ammonia relative to other metal(oxides) and biocides. Surprisingly, the tributylin cation appeared ∼1000 times more toxic to H. incongruens as compared to "single-substance" bioassays for similar species. We inferred indirect mixture effects between organotin, ammonia, and phosphate. Via chemical speciation calculations, we observed strong physicochemical and biological interactions between phosphate and organotin cations. These interactions enhance bioconcentration and explain the elevated toxicity of organotin cations. Our study aids water managers and policy makers to interpret monitoring data on a mechanistic basis. As sampled sediments differ, future modeling requires more emphasis on characterizing and parametrizing the interactions between bioassay constituents. We envision that this will aid in bridging the gap between testing in the laboratory and field observations.

Project description:BackgroundHealth risks arising from heavy metal pollution have attracted global attention. As a result, many studies on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have performed human health risk assessments.ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the ability of Zea mays (maize) to accumulate heavy metals and assess the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) by collecting, collating, and analyzing data on heavy metal concentrations in Zea mays.MethodsThis study reviewed the accumulation of five selected heavy metals, cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in soil and the corresponding BAF of Zea mays grown on those soils using a systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific journals. A total of 27 research works were reviewed after screening 52 articles for subject matter relevancy, including dumpsites, industrially polluted soils, inorganically fertilized soils, mining sites, smelting sites, municipal wastewater irrigated soils, and a battery waste dumpsite.ResultsAmong the reviewed sites, concentrations of Cd and Cr were highest at a tin mining site, where prolonged mining, mineral processing and other production activities contributed heavy metal pollution in the soil. The soil at a battery waste dumpsite exhibited the highest Pb concentration, while the soil at a Zn smelting site presented the highest concentration of Zn. The highest soil Cu concentration was found in an area where sewage irrigation had been carried out over a long period. The BAF of the five heavy metals in Zea mays increased with the metal concentrations in the soil. The BAF of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn in Zea mays from the study areas fall within the ranges of 0-0.95, 0-1.89, 0-1.20, 0.011-0.99, and 0.03-0.99, respectively. Cadmium and Zn had the highest bioconcentration factors values in maize plants, likely due to their higher mobility rate compared to the other heavy metals.ConclusionsThe study concluded that Zea mays is capable of accumulating high amounts of heavy metals, although accumulation of these heavy metals is influenced by multiple factors including soil texture, cation exchange capacity, root exudation and especially soil pH and chemical forms of the heavy metals. Zea mays should not be planted on metal-contaminated soils because of its potential to act as a hyperaccumulator.Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing financial interests.

Dataset Information

Growth-Correcting the Bioconcentration Factor and Biomagnification Factor in Bioaccumulation Assessments.

Publications

Growth-Correcting the Bioconcentration Factor and Biomagnification Factor in Bioaccumulation Assessments.

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