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GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Neuroinflammation is a widely accepted underlying condition for various pathological processes in the brain. In a recent study, synaptamide, an endogenous metabolite derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), was identified as a specific ligand to orphan adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor 110 (GPR110, ADGRF1). Synaptamide has been shown to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in mice, but involvement of GPR110 in this process has not been established. In this study, we investigated the possible immune regulatory role of GPR110 in mediating the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of synaptamide under a systemic inflammatory condition. METHODS:For in vitro studies, we assessed the role of GPR110 in synaptamide effects on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in adult primary mouse microglia, immortalized murine microglial cells (BV2), primary neutrophil, and peritoneal macrophage by using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as neutrophil migration and ROS production assays. To evaluate in vivo effects, wild-type (WT) and GPR110 knock-out (KO) mice were injected with LPS intraperitoneally (i.p.) or TNF intravenously (i.v.) followed by synaptamide (i.p.), and expression of proinflammatory mediators was measured by qPCR, ELISA, and western blot analysis. Activated microglia in the brain and NF-kB activation in cells were examined microscopically after immunostaining for Iba-1 and RelA, respectively. RESULTS:Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LPS increased TNF and IL-1? in the blood and induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain. Subsequent i.p. injection of the GPR110 ligand synaptamide significantly reduced LPS-induced inflammatory responses in wild-type (WT) but not in GPR110 knock-out (KO) mice. In cultured microglia, synaptamide increased cAMP and inhibited LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by inhibiting the translocation of NF-?B subunit RelA into the nucleus. These effects were abolished by blocking synaptamide binding to GPR110 using an N-terminal targeting antibody. GPR110 expression was found to be high in neutrophils and macrophages where synaptamide also caused a GPR110-dependent increase in cAMP and inhibition of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator expression. Intravenous injection of TNF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that increases in the circulation after LPS treatment, elicited inflammatory responses in the brain which were dampened by the subsequent injection (i.p.) of synaptamide in a GPR110-dependent manner. CONCLUSION:Our study demonstrates the immune-regulatory function of GPR110 in both brain and periphery, collectively contributing to the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of synaptamide under a systemic inflammatory condition. We suggest GPR110 activation as a novel therapeutic strategy to ameliorate inflammation in the brain as well as periphery.

SUBMITTER: Park T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6858791 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine.

Park Taeyeop T Chen Huazhen H Kim Hee-Yong HY

Journal of neuroinflammation 20191115 1

<h4>Background</h4>Neuroinflammation is a widely accepted underlying condition for various pathological processes in the brain. In a recent study, synaptamide, an endogenous metabolite derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), was identified as a specific ligand to orphan adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor 110 (GPR110, ADGRF1). Synaptamide has been shown to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in mice, but involvement of GPR110 in this process has not been establi ...[more]

PMID: 31730008

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Project description:BackgroundNeuroinflammation is a widely studied phenomenon underlying various neurodegenerative diseases. Earlier study demonstrated that pharmacological activation of GPR110 in both central and peripheral immune cells cooperatively ameliorates neuroinflammation caused by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Ethanol consumption has been associated with exacerbation of neurodegenerative and systemic inflammatory conditions. The goal of this study is to determine the effects of single-dose acute ethanol exposure and GPR110 activation on the neuro-inflammation mechanisms.MethodsFor in vivo studies, GPR110 wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice at 10-12 weeks of age were given an oral gavage of ethanol (3 g/kg) or maltose (5.4 g/kg) at 1-4 h prior to the injection of LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.) followed by the GPR110 ligand, synaptamide (5 mg/kg). After 2-24 h, brains were collected for the analysis of gene expression by RT-PCR or protein expression by western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Microglial activation was assessed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. For in vitro studies, microglia and peritoneal macrophages were isolated from adult WT mice and treated with 25 mM ethanol for 4 h and then with LPS (100 ng/ml) followed by 10 nM synaptamide for 2 h for gene expression and 12 h for protein analysis.ResultsSingle-dose exposure to ethanol by gavage before LPS injection upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the brain and plasma. The LPS-induced Iba-1 expression in the brain was significantly higher after ethanol pretreatment in both WT and GPR110KO mice. GPR110 ligand decreased the mRNA and/or protein expression of these cytokines and Iba-1 in the WT but not in GPR110KO mice. In the isolated microglia and peritoneal macrophages, ethanol also exacerbated the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines which was mitigated at least partially by synaptamide. The expression of an inflammasome marker NLRP3 upregulated by LPS was further elevated with prior exposure to ethanol, especially in the brains of GPR110KO mice. Both ethanol and LPS reduced adenylate cyclase 8 mRNA expression which was reversed by the activation of GPR110. PDE4B expression at both mRNA and protein level in the brain increased after ethanol and LPS treatment while synaptamide suppressed its expression in a GPR110-dependent manner.ConclusionSingle-dose ethanol exposure exacerbated LPS-induced inflammatory responses. The GPR110 ligand synaptamide ameliorated this effect of ethanol by counteracting on the cAMP system, the common target for synaptamide and ethanol, and by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome.

Project description:Background and purposeN-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA) is the ethanolamine conjugate of the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22: 6n-3). Its concentration in animal tissues and human plasma increases when diets rich in fish or krill oil are consumed. DHEA displays anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and was found to be released during an inflammatory response in mice. Here, we further examine possible targets involved in the immune-modulating effects of DHEA.Experimental approachAntagonists for cannabinoid (CB)1 and CB2 receptors and PPARγ were used to explore effects of DHEA on NO release by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The possible involvement of CB2 receptors was studied by comparing effects in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages obtained from CB2 (-/-) and CB2 (+/+) mice. Effects on NF-κB activation were determined using a reporter cell line. To study DHEA effects on COX-2 and lipoxygenase activity, 21 different eicosanoids produced by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were quantified by LC-MS/MS. Finally, effects on mRNA expression profiles were analysed using gene arrays followed by Ingenuity(®) Pathways Analysis.Key resultsCB1 and CB2 receptors or PPARs were not involved in the effects of DHEA on NO release. NF-κB and IFN-β, key elements of the myeloid differentiation primary response protein D88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways were not decreased. By contrast, DHEA significantly reduced levels of several COX-2-derived eicosanoids. Gene expression analysis provided support for an effect on COX-2-mediated pathways.Conclusions and implicationsOur findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of DHEA in macrophages predominantly take place via inhibition of eicosanoids produced through COX-2.Linked articlesThis article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013 published in volume 171 issue 6. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6/issuetoc.

Dataset Information

GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine.

Publications

GPR110 (ADGRF1) mediates anti-inflammatory effects of N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine.

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