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Height gain after two-years-of-age is associated with better cognitive capacity, measured with Raven's coloured matrices at 15-years-of-age in Malawi.

ABSTRACT: Stunting is a measure of chronic undernutrition, and it affects approximately 160 million children worldwide. Cognitive development of stunted children is compromised, but evidence about the association between height gain in late childhood and adolescent cognitive capacity is scarce. We aimed to determine the association between height gains at different ages, including late childhood, and cognitive capacity at 15-years-of-age. We conducted a prospective cohort study in a rural African setting in Southern Malawi. The study cohort was enrolled between June 1995 and August 1996. It originally comprised mothers of 813 fetuses, and the number of children born live was 767. These children were followed up until the age of 15?years. The anthropometrics were measured at one and 24-months-of-age and 15-years-of-age, and cognitive capacity of participants was assessed at 15-years-of-age with Raven's Coloured Matrices score, mathematic test score, median reaction time (RT) (milliseconds) and RT lapses. The associations between growth and the outcome measures were assessed with linear regression. Raven's Coloured Matrices score was predicted by height gain between 24?months and 15-years-of-age (coefficient 0.85, P?=?0.03) and (coefficient 0.69, P?=?0.06), but not by earlier growth, when possible confounders were included in the model. The association weakened when school education was further added in the model (coefficient?=?0.69, P?=?0,060). In conclusion, in rural Malawi, better growth in late childhood is likely to lead to better cognitive capacity in adolescence, partly through more school education. In light of these results, growth promotion should not only be limited to early childhood.

SUBMITTER: Teivaanmaki T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6866015 | biostudies-literature | 2017 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Height gain after two-years-of-age is associated with better cognitive capacity, measured with Raven's coloured matrices at 15-years-of-age in Malawi.

Teivaanmäki Tiina T Bun Cheung Yin Y Pulakka Anna A Virkkala Jussi J Maleta Kenneth K Ashorn Per P

Maternal & child nutrition 20160629 2

Stunting is a measure of chronic undernutrition, and it affects approximately 160 million children worldwide. Cognitive development of stunted children is compromised, but evidence about the association between height gain in late childhood and adolescent cognitive capacity is scarce. We aimed to determine the association between height gains at different ages, including late childhood, and cognitive capacity at 15-years-of-age. We conducted a prospective cohort study in a rural African setting ...[more]

PMID: 27356847

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Project description:The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) was recently developed to assess depressive symptoms that individuals specifically attribute to their work. Research on the criterion validity of the instrument is still in its infancy. In this study, we examined whether the ODI predicted performance on, and appreciation of, a cognitively challenging test. In light of the link established between clinical depression and neuropsychological impairment, and considering that individuals with depressive symptoms are more likely to feel helpless under challenging circumstances, we hypothesized that occupational depression would be associated with poorer cognitive performance and a darkened appreciation of the task undertaken. We relied on a sample of 1,359 educational staff members. We used an abridged version of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPMs) as a cognitively challenging task and measure of cognitive performance. RAPMs assess so-called eductive ability (meaning-making and problem-solving abilities) through items of various degrees of difficulty. Transient mood was assessed with a three-item measure before RAPMs were administered. Task appreciation was assessed with a single-item measure after the completion of RAPMs. We found occupational depression to be negatively linked to cognitive performance. A two-step cluster analysis, in which ODI and RAPMs scores were used as classifiers, revealed two profiles of respondents. The first profile was characterized by relatively low levels of depressive symptoms and high levels of cognitive performance; the second profile, by relatively high levels of depressive symptoms and low levels of cognitive performance. The two profiles differed strongly from one another, as indexed by Cohen's ds of 2.492 regarding depressive symptoms and 1.263 regarding cognitive performance. As anticipated, occupational depression predicted a darkened appreciation of the test. The association remained statistically significant, and largely unchanged, controlling for pretest mood and test performance. The highest levels of depressive symptoms were observed among individuals evaluating the task as "frustrating" and "discouraging." Our study suggests that occupational depression predicts poorer cognitive performance and a negativized experience of cognitive challenge. Such features may be part of a self-sustaining loop fostering the maintenance of depressive symptoms. The extent to which the ODI predicts performance in the work context needs to be investigated.

Project description:BackgroundRapid early weight gain has been associated with increased risk of obesity and cardiometabolic alterations, but evidence in low and middle-income countries is inconclusive.ObjectiveWe evaluated the relation between relative weight gain from 1 to 48 mo with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors at 4-5 y of age, and determined if adiposity is a mediator for cardiometabolic alterations.MethodsWe studied 428 Mexican children with anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) information from birth to 5 y of age from POSGRAD (Prenatal Omega-3 fatty acid Supplementation and child GRowth And Development), of whom 334 provided measures of adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers at 4 y. We estimated relative weight gain by means of conditional weight-for-height z scores for the age intervals 1-6, 6-12, 12-24, and 24-48 mo. Associations between relative weight gain and adiposity and cardiometabolic risk markers (lipid profile, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, and BP) were analyzed by multivariate multiple linear models and path analysis.ResultsA 1-unit increase in conditional weight-for-height z score within each age interval was positively associated with adiposity at 5 y, with coefficients of 0.43-0.89 for body mass index (BMI) z score, 1.08-3.65 mm for sum of skinfolds, and 1.21-3.87 cm for abdominal circumference (all P < 0.01). Positive associations were documented from ages 6 to 48 mo with systolic BP (coefficient ranges: 1.19-1.78 mm Hg; all P < 0.05) and from ages 12 to 48 mo with diastolic BP (1.28-0.94 mm Hg; P < 0.05) at 5 y. Conditional weight-for-height z scores at 12-24 and 24-48 mo of age were more strongly associated with adiposity and BP relative to younger ages. A unit increase in conditional weight-for-height z scores from 12 to 24 mo was associated with 14% higher insulin levels (P < 0.05) at 4 y. Path analyses documented that the associations of conditional weight gain with BP were mediated by BMI and sum of skinfolds.ConclusionRelative weight gain at most periods during the first 4 y of life was associated with greater adiposity and higher systolic and diastolic BP at 5 y. These associations with BP were mediated by adiposity. Relative weight gain from 12 to 24 mo was associated with increased serum insulin concentrations at 4 y, but there were no associations with lipid profiles or glucose concentration.

Dataset Information

Height gain after two-years-of-age is associated with better cognitive capacity, measured with Raven's coloured matrices at 15-years-of-age in Malawi.

Publications

Height gain after two-years-of-age is associated with better cognitive capacity, measured with Raven's coloured matrices at 15-years-of-age in Malawi.

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