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Training-induced neuroanatomical plasticity in ADHD: a tensor-based morphometric study.

ABSTRACT: Experience-based neuroplasticity has typically been associated with functional changes, but growing evidence indicates that training can also render dynamic structural alterations in the brain. Although research on training-induced morphological plasticity has consistently demonstrated rapid increases of gray matter volume in task-related regions, no studies have examined if local volumetric reductions in gray matter associated with certain psychiatric disorders may be reversible by adequate training. We aimed to assess whether a training program applied to ADHD patients can contravene some of the associated neuroanatomical alterations. High-resolution anatomical scans were acquired before and after the training period, and a whole-brain tensor-based morphometric approach was applied to extract a voxel-wise estimation of longitudinal changes in regional gray matter volume. Our results show focal volumetric gray matter increases in bilateral middle frontal cortex and right inferior-posterior cerebellum after cognitive training compared with the ADHD control group. The extent of gray matter volume increase in the inferior-posterior cerebellum was associated with attentional performance. These findings illustrate the capacity of the nervous system for rapid morphological adjustments in response to environmental triggers. Moreover, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cerebellum are commonly considered sites of volumetric reduction in ADHD, and the inferior-posterior lobule of the cerebellum is associated with progressive symptom-related volume loss. Hence, the clusters of volumetric change observed in our study were confined to structures typically characterized by volume reduction in ADHD patients, providing preliminary indications that cognitive training may contravene some of the neuroanatomical deficits associated with the disorder.

SUBMITTER: Hoekzema E

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6870061 | biostudies-literature | 2011 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Training-induced neuroanatomical plasticity in ADHD: a tensor-based morphometric study.

Hoekzema Elseline E Carmona Susanna S Ramos-Quiroga J Antoni JA Barba Erika E Bielsa Anna A Tremols Virginia V Rovira Mariana M Soliva Juan Carlos JC Casas Miguel M Bulbena Antoni A Tobeña Adolf A Vilarroya Oscar O

Human brain mapping 20110301 10

Experience-based neuroplasticity has typically been associated with functional changes, but growing evidence indicates that training can also render dynamic structural alterations in the brain. Although research on training-induced morphological plasticity has consistently demonstrated rapid increases of gray matter volume in task-related regions, no studies have examined if local volumetric reductions in gray matter associated with certain psychiatric disorders may be reversible by adequate tra ...[more]

PMID: 21365715

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Project description:Introduction: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that measures the anisotropy of water diffusion. Clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanners enable visualization of the structural integrity of larger axonal bundles in the central nervous system and smaller structures like peripheral nerves; however, their resolution for the depiction of nerve fascicular morphology is limited. Accordingly, high-field strength MRI and strong magnetic field gradients are needed to depict the fascicular pattern. The study aimed to quantify diffusion tensor indices with high-field strength MRI within different anatomical compartments of the median nerve and determine if they correlate with nerve structure at the fascicular level. Methods: Three-dimensional pulsed gradient spin-echo (PGSE) imaging sequence in 19 different gradient directions and b value 1,150 s/mm2 was performed on a 9.4T wide-bore vertical superconducting magnet. Nine-millimeter-long segments of five median nerve samples were obtained from fresh cadavers and acquired in sixteen 0.625 mm thick slices. Each nerve sample had the fascicles, perineurium, and interfascicular epineurium segmented. The diffusion tensor was calculated from the region-average diffusion-weighted signals for all diffusion gradient directions. Subsequently, correlations between diffusion tensor indices of segmentations and nerve structure at the fascicular level (number of fascicles, fascicular ratio, and cross-sectional area of fascicles or nerve) were assessed. The acquired diffusion tensor imaging data was employed for display with trajectories and diffusion ellipsoids. Results: The nerve fascicles proved to be the most anisotropic nerve compartment with fractional anisotropy 0.44 ± 0.05. In the interfascicular epineurium, the diffusion was more prominent in orthogonal directions with fractional anisotropy 0.13 ± 0.02. Diffusion tensor indices within the fascicles and perineurium differed significantly between the subjects (p < 0.0001); however, there were no differences within the interfascicular epineurium (p ≥ 0.37). There were no correlations between diffusion tensor indices and nerve structure at the fascicular level (p ≥ 0.29). Conclusion: High-field strength MRI enabled the depiction of the anisotropic diffusion within the fascicles and perineurium. Diffusion tensor indices of the peripheral nerve did not correlate with nerve structure at the fascicular level. Future studies should investigate the relationship between diffusion tensor indices at the fascicular level and axon- and myelin-related parameters.

Dataset Information

Training-induced neuroanatomical plasticity in ADHD: a tensor-based morphometric study.

Publications

Training-induced neuroanatomical plasticity in ADHD: a tensor-based morphometric study.

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