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The expression of cytokines in the milk somatic cells, blood leukocytes and serum of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:The present study aimed to determine the expression of cytokines, which is associated with the immunological response of dairy goats against small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV). The study was conducted on 26 dairy goats in their second to sixth lactation, which were divided by breed and parity into two groups: SRLV naturally infected (N?=?13) and non-infected (N?=?13) animals. All goats in the study were asymptomatic. The milk and blood samples, which served as studied material were taken on days 7, 30, 120 and 240 of the lactation. The gene and protein expression of several cytokines was studied using Real-Time PCR and ELISA methods. RESULTS:INF-? and INF-? expression was down-regulated in the milk somatic cells (MSC) of SRLV-infected goats. However, an increased concentration of INF-? was observed in the MSC in SRLV-infected goats, while INF-? expression was not observed in both SRLV-infected and non-infected animals The SRLV-infected goats also displayed decreased expression of IL-1?, IL-1?, IL-6 and INF-? genes in the blood leukocytes,with IL-1?, IL-1? and IL-6 protein levels also being decreased in the sera. TNF-? was the only gene that demonstrated increased expression in both the MSC and the blood of infected animals; however, no such overexpression was observed at the protein level. CONCLUSIONS:SRLV probably influences the immune system of infected animals by deregulating of the expression of cytokines. Further, epigenetic studies may clarify the mechanisms by which SRLV regulates the gene and protein expression of the host.

SUBMITTER: Jarczak J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6882311 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The expression of cytokines in the milk somatic cells, blood leukocytes and serum of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus.

Jarczak Justyna J Słoniewska Danuta D Kaba Jarosław J Bagnicka Emilia E

BMC veterinary research 20191127 1

<h4>Background</h4>The present study aimed to determine the expression of cytokines, which is associated with the immunological response of dairy goats against small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV). The study was conducted on 26 dairy goats in their second to sixth lactation, which were divided by breed and parity into two groups: SRLV naturally infected (N = 13) and non-infected (N = 13) animals. All goats in the study were asymptomatic. The milk and blood samples, which served as studied material w ...[more]

PMID: 31775763

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Project description:BackgroundSmall ruminant lentiviruses escaping efficient serological detection are still circulating in Swiss goats in spite of a long eradication campaign that essentially eliminated clinical cases of caprine arthritis encephalitis in the country. This strongly suggests that the circulating viruses are avirulent for goats.To test this hypothesis, we isolated circulating viruses from naturally infected animals and tested the in vitro and in vivo characteristics of these field isolates.MethodsViruses were isolated from primary macrophage cultures. The presence of lentiviruses in the culture supernatants was monitored by reverse transcriptase assay. Isolates were passaged in different cells and their cytopathogenic effects monitored by microscopy. Proviral load was quantified by real-time PCR using customized primer and probes. Statistical analysis comprised Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni Multiple Comparison Test.ResultsThe isolated viruses belonged to the small ruminant lentiviruses A4 subtype that appears to be prominent in Switzerland. The 4 isolates replicated very efficiently in macrophages, displaying heterogeneous phenotypes, with two isolates showing a pronounced cytopathogenicity for these cells. By contrast, all 4 isolates had a poor replication capacity in goat and sheep fibroblasts. The proviral loads in the peripheral blood and, in particular, in the mammary gland were surprisingly high compared to previous observations. Nevertheless, these viruses appear to be of low virulence for goats except for the mammary gland were histopathological changes were observed.ConclusionsSmall ruminant lentiviruses continue to circulate in Switzerland despite a long and expensive caprine arthritis encephalitis virus eradication campaign. We isolated 4 of these lentiviruses and confirmed their phylogenetic association with the prominent A4 subtype. The pathological and histopathological analysis of the infected animals supported the hypothesis that these A4 viruses are of low pathogenicity for goats, with, however, a caveat about the potentially detrimental effects on the mammary gland. Moreover, the high proviral load detected indicates that the immune system of the animals cannot control the infection and this, combined with the phenotypic plasticity observed in vitro, strongly argues in favour of a continuous and precise monitoring of these SRLV to avoid the risk of jeopardizing a long eradication campaign.

Project description:This study aimed to evaluate by means of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR), co-cultivation and sequencing, with genetic comparison between strains (mother/newborn), the occurrence of vertical transmission of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) from naturally occurring nannies infected for their offspring. For the detection of SRLV seropositive progenitors, blood was collected from 42 nannies in the final third of gestation in tubes with and without anticoagulant. The diagnostic tests used were Western Blot (WB) and nPCR. During the period of birth, the same blood collection procedure was performed on 73 newborns at zero hours of birth, with the same diagnostic tests. Seventeen blood samples from seven-day-old kids, proven positive for SRLV by nPCR, chosen at random, were subjected to coculture in goat synovial membrane (GSM) cells for 105 days. The pro-viral DNA extracted from the cell supernatant from the coculture was subjected to nPCR. For DNA sequencing from the nPCR products, nine positive samples were chosen at random, four nannies with their respective offspring, also positive. Each sample was performed in triplicate, thus generating 27 nPCR products of which only 19 were suitable for analysis. Among the 42 pregnant goats, in 50% (21/42) pro-viral DNA was detected by nPCR, while in the WB, only 7.14% (3/42) presented antibodies against SRLV. Regarding neonates, of the 73 kids, 34 (46.57%) were positive for the virus, using the nPCR technique, while in the serological test (WB), three positive animals (4.10%) were observed. The coculture of the 17 samples with a positive result in the nPCR was confirmed in viral isolation by amplification of the SRLV pro-viral DNA. When aligned, the pro-viral DNA sequences (nannies and their respective offspring) presented homology in relation to the standard strain CAEV Co. It was concluded that the transmission of SRLV through intrauterine route was potentially the source of infection in the newborn goats.

Dataset Information

The expression of cytokines in the milk somatic cells, blood leukocytes and serum of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus.

Publications

The expression of cytokines in the milk somatic cells, blood leukocytes and serum of goats infected with small ruminant lentivirus.

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