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Mitogenomics suggests a sister relationship of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: incerti ordinis) with Actiniaria.

ABSTRACT: Relicanthus daphneae (formerly Boloceroides daphneae) was first described in 2006 as a giant sea anemone based on morphology. In 2014, its classification was challenged based on molecular data: using five genes, Relicanthus was resolved sister to zoanthideans, but with mixed support. To better understand the evolutionary relationship of Relicanthus with other early-branching metazoans, we present 15 newly-sequenced sea anemone mitochondrial genomes and a mitogenome-based phylogeny including all major cnidarian groups, sponges, and placozoans. Our phylogenetic reconstruction reveals a moderately supported sister relationship between Relicanthus and the Actiniaria. Morphologically, the cnidae of Relicanthus has apical flaps, the only existing synapomorphy for sea anemones. Based on both molecular and morphological results, we propose a third suborder (Helenmonae) within the Actiniaria to accommodate Relicanthus. Although Relicanthus shares the same gene order and content with other available actiniarian mitogenomes, it is clearly distinct at the nucleotide level from anemones within the existing suborders. The phylogenetic position of Relicanthus could reflect its association with the periphery of isolated hydrothermal vents, which, although patchy and ephemeral, harbor unique chemosynthetic communities that provide a relatively stable food source to higher trophic levels over long evolutionary timescales. The ability to colonize the deep sea and the periphery of new vent systems may be facilitated by Relicanthus' large and extremely yolky eggs.

SUBMITTER: Xiao M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6890759 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mitogenomics suggests a sister relationship of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: incerti ordinis) with Actiniaria.

Xiao Madelyne M Brugler Mercer R MR Broe Michael B MB Gusmão Luciana C LC Daly Marymegan M Rodríguez Estefanía E

Scientific reports 20191203 1

Relicanthus daphneae (formerly Boloceroides daphneae) was first described in 2006 as a giant sea anemone based on morphology. In 2014, its classification was challenged based on molecular data: using five genes, Relicanthus was resolved sister to zoanthideans, but with mixed support. To better understand the evolutionary relationship of Relicanthus with other early-branching metazoans, we present 15 newly-sequenced sea anemone mitochondrial genomes and a mitogenome-based phylogeny including all ...[more]

PMID: 31796816

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Project description:Sea anemones (order Actiniaria) are among the most diverse and successful members of the anthozoan subclass Hexacorallia, occupying benthic marine habitats across all depths and latitudes. Actiniaria comprises approximately 1,200 species of solitary and skeleton-less polyps and lacks any anatomical synapomorphy. Although monophyly is anticipated based on higher-level molecular phylogenies of Cnidaria, to date, monophyly has not been explicitly tested and at least some hypotheses on the diversification of Hexacorallia have suggested that actiniarians are para- or poly-phyletic. Published phylogenies have demonstrated the inadequacy of existing morphological-based classifications within Actiniaria. Superfamilial groups and most families and genera that have been rigorously studied are not monophyletic, indicating conflict with the current hierarchical classification. We test the monophyly of Actiniaria using two nuclear and three mitochondrial genes with multiple analytical methods. These analyses are the first to include representatives of all three currently-recognized suborders within Actiniaria. We do not recover Actiniaria as a monophyletic clade: the deep-sea anemone Boloceroides daphneae, previously included within the infraorder Boloceroidaria, is resolved outside of Actiniaria in several of the analyses. We erect a new genus and family for B. daphneae, and rank this taxon incerti ordinis. Based on our comprehensive phylogeny, we propose a new formal higher-level classification for Actiniaria composed of only two suborders, Anenthemonae and Enthemonae. Suborder Anenthemonae includes actiniarians with a unique arrangement of mesenteries (members of Edwardsiidae and former suborder Endocoelantheae). Suborder Enthemonae includes actiniarians with the typical arrangement of mesenteries for actiniarians (members of former suborders Protantheae, Ptychodacteae, and Nynantheae and subgroups therein). We also erect subgroups within these two newly-erected suborders. Although some relationships among these newly-defined groups are still ambiguous, morphological and molecular results are consistent enough to proceed with a new higher-level classification and to discuss the putative functional and evolutionary significance of several morphological attributes within Actiniaria.

Dataset Information

Mitogenomics suggests a sister relationship of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: incerti ordinis) with Actiniaria.

Publications

Mitogenomics suggests a sister relationship of Relicanthus daphneae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: incerti ordinis) with Actiniaria.

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