The global burden of trichiasis in 2016.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Trichiasis is present when one or more eyelashes touches the eye. Uncorrected, it can cause blindness. Accurate estimates of numbers affected, and their geographical distribution, help guide resource allocation.Methods
We obtained district-level trichiasis prevalence estimates in adults for 44 endemic and previously-endemic countries. We used (1) the most recent data for a district, if more than one estimate was available; (2) age- and sex-standardized corrections of historic estimates, where raw data were available; (3) historic estimates adjusted using a mean adjustment factor for districts where raw data were unavailable; and (4) expert assessment of available data for districts for which no prevalence estimates were available.Findings
Internally age- and sex-standardized data represented 1,355 districts and contributed 662 thousand cases (95% confidence interval [CI] 324 thousand-1.1 million) to the global total. Age- and sex-standardized district-level prevalence estimates differed from raw estimates by a mean factor of 0.45 (range 0.03-2.28). Previously non- stratified estimates for 398 districts, adjusted by ×0.45, contributed a further 411 thousand cases (95% CI 283-557 thousand). Eight countries retained previous estimates, contributing 848 thousand cases (95% CI 225 thousand-1.7 million). New expert assessments in 14 countries contributed 862 thousand cases (95% CI 228 thousand-1.7 million). The global trichiasis burden in 2016 was 2.8 million cases (95% CI 1.1-5.2 million).Interpretation
The 2016 estimate is lower than previous estimates, probably due to more and better data; scale-up of trichiasis management services; and reductions in incidence due to lower active trachoma prevalence.
SUBMITTER: Flueckiger RM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC6901231 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
The global burden of trichiasis in 2016.
Flueckiger Rebecca M RM Courtright Paul P Abdala Mariamo M Abdou Amza A Abdulnafea Zaid Z Al-Khatib Tawfik K TK Amer Khaled K Amiel Olga Nelson ON Awoussi Sossinou S Bakhtiari Ana A Batcho Wilfried W Bella Assumpta Lucienne AL Bennawi Kamal Hashim KH Brooker Simon J SJ Chu Brian K BK Dejene Michael M Dezoumbe Djore D Elshafie Balgesa Elkheir BE Elvis Aba Ange AA Fabrice Djouma Nembot DN Omar Fatma Juma FJ François Missamou M François Drabo D Garap Jambi J Gichangi Michael M Goepogui André A Hammou Jaouad J Kadri Boubacar B Kabona George G Kabore Martin M Kalua Khumbo K Kamugisha Mathias M Kebede Biruck B Keita Kaba K Khan Asad Aslam AA Kiflu Genet G Yibi Makoy M Mackline Garae G Macleod Colin C Manangazira Portia P Masika Michael P MP Massangaie Marilia M Mduluza Takafira T Meno Nabicassa N Midzi Nicholas N Minnih Abdallahi Ould AO Mishra Sailesh S Mpyet Caleb C Muraguri Nicholas N Mwingira Upendo U Nassirou Beido B Ndjemba Jean J Nieba Cece C Ngondi Jeremiah J Olobio Nicholas N Pavluck Alex A Phiri Isaac I Pullan Rachel R Qureshi Babar B Sarr Boubacar B Seiha Do D Chávez Gloria Marina Serrano GMS Sharma Shekhar S Sisaleumsak Siphetthavong S Southisombath Khamphoua K Stevens Gretchen G Woldendrias Andeberhan Tesfazion AT Traoré Lamine L Turyaguma Patrick P Willis Rebecca R Yaya Georges G Yeo Souleymane S Zambroni Francisco F Zhao Jialiang J Solomon Anthony W AW
PLoS neglected tropical diseases 20191125 11
<h4>Background</h4>Trichiasis is present when one or more eyelashes touches the eye. Uncorrected, it can cause blindness. Accurate estimates of numbers affected, and their geographical distribution, help guide resource allocation.<h4>Methods</h4>We obtained district-level trichiasis prevalence estimates in adults for 44 endemic and previously-endemic countries. We used (1) the most recent data for a district, if more than one estimate was available; (2) age- and sex-standardized corrections of h ...[more]
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| S-EPMC6372756 | biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundNeurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.MethodsWe estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.FindingsGlobally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247-308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8-9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34-44] and DALYs by 15% [9-21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26-30] and DALYs by 27% [24-31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6-46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7-20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0-12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6-10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05-1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5-90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8-35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8-17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).InterpretationGlobally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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