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Graphite as a Long-Life Ca2+-Intercalation Anode and its Implementation for Rocking-Chair Type Calcium-Ion Batteries.

ABSTRACT: Herein, graphite is proposed as a reliable Ca2+-intercalation anode in tetraglyme (G4). When charged (reduced), graphite accommodates solvated Ca2+-ions (Ca-G4) and delivers a reversible capacity of 62 mAh g-1 that signifies the formation of a ternary intercalation compound, Ca-G4·C72. Mass/volume changes during Ca-G4 intercalation and the evolution of in operando X-ray diffraction studies both suggest that Ca-G4 intercalation results in the formation of an intermediate phase between stage-III and stage-II with a gallery height of 11.41 Å. Density functional theory calculations also reveal that the most stable conformation of Ca-G4 has a planar structure with Ca2+ surrounded by G4, which eventually forms a double stack that aligns with graphene layers after intercalation. Despite large dimensional changes during charge/discharge (C/D), both rate performance and cyclic stability are excellent. Graphite retains a substantial capacity at high C/D rates (e.g., 47 mAh g-1 at 1.0 A g-1 s vs 62 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1) and shows no capacity decay during as many as 2000 C/D cycles. As the first Ca2+-shuttling calcium-ion batteries with a graphite anode, a full-cell is constructed by coupling with an organic cathode and its electrochemical performance is presented.

SUBMITTER: Richard Prabakar SJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6918123 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Graphite as a Long-Life Ca2+-Intercalation Anode and its Implementation for Rocking-Chair Type Calcium-Ion Batteries.

Richard Prabakar S J SJ Ikhe Amol Bhairuba AB Park Woon Bae WB Chung Kee-Choo KC Park Hwangseo H Kim Ki-Jeong KJ Ahn Docheon D Kwak Joon Seop JS Sohn Kee-Sun KS Pyo Myoungho M

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 20191016 24

Herein, graphite is proposed as a reliable Ca2+-intercalation anode in tetraglyme (G4). When charged (reduced), graphite accommodates solvated Ca2+-ions (Ca-G4) and delivers a reversible capacity of 62 mAh g-1 that signifies the formation of a ternary intercalation compound, Ca-G4·C72. Mass/volume changes during Ca-G4 intercalation and the evolution of in operando X-ray diffraction studies both suggest that C ...[more]

PMID: 31890464

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Project description:Silicon with the properties of high capacity capability, moderate working potential, environmental sensitivity, and existence are the highly promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Silicon anodes have disadvantageous properties and advantages like 300% volume change during lithium insertion and extraction process that can result in capacity fading and a shorter lifetime of the battery. In the literature, different optimizations of Silicon with different nanomaterials or composite materials, in different ratios, and with different binders and different procedures have been studied. The physical mixing of silicon with carbon provides a good performance by combining the high lithium storage capacity of the silicon and the good mechanical and conductive properties of carbon. Binders are one of the other factors affecting the performance of the Si/C anodes. In this study, different ratios of silicon/graphite combinations were tested. The Si/C hybrid material provides an advantageous and efficient use for innovative lithium-ion anodes and available lithium-ion battery technology when the Si/C match performs a suitable combination of two material properties, such as the high lithium storage capacity of silicon and the conductive properties of carbon. This study is aimed to improve the performance of the cell by changing the amount of active material and polymer in the electrode by finding the most appropriate amount of active substance and binder polymer ratio in the electrode. The electrochemical result of the composition, which compensates for the problems caused by the volume expansion of the silicon by using less silicon, showed higher capacitive properties, as it exhibits better adhesion among these compositions with a higher binder ratio. This study resulted in more than 1000 mAh/g specific capacity after 100 cycles at C/3 rate and structural characterization of the samples before and after cycling provided information about the electrode content.

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Graphite as a Long-Life Ca2+-Intercalation Anode and its Implementation for Rocking-Chair Type Calcium-Ion Batteries.

Publications

Graphite as a Long-Life Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Intercalation Anode and its Implementation for Rocking-Chair Type Calcium-Ion Batteries.

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