Dataset Information

Electronic cigarette vapour increases virulence and inflammatory potential of respiratory pathogens.

ABSTRACT:

Introduction

Bacteria have been extensively implicated in the development of smoking related diseases, such as COPD, by either direct infection or bacteria-mediated inflammation. In response to the health risks associated with tobacco exposure, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has increased. This study compared the effect of e-cig vapour (ECV) and cigarette smoke (CSE) on the virulence and inflammatory potential of key lung pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa).

Methods

Biofilm formation, virulence in the Galleria mellonella infection model, antibiotic susceptibility and IL-8/TNF-? production in A549 cells, were compared between bacteria exposed to ECV, CSE and non-exposed bacteria.

Results

Statistically significant increases in biofilm and cytokine secretion were observed following bacterial exposure to either ECV or CSE, compared to non-exposed bacteria; the effect of exposure to ECV on bacterial phenotype and virulence was comparable, and in some cases greater, than that observed following CSE exposure. Treatment of A549 cells with cell signaling pathway inhibitors prior to infection, did not suggest that alternative signaling pathways were being activated following exposure of bacteria to either ECV or CSE.

Conclusions

These findings therefore suggest that ECV and CSE can induce changes in phenotype and virulence of key lung pathogens, which may increase bacterial persistence and inflammatory potential.

SUBMITTER: Gilpin DF

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6918581 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Publications

Electronic cigarette vapour increases virulence and inflammatory potential of respiratory pathogens.

Gilpin Deirdre F DF McGown Katie-Ann KA Gallagher Kevin K Bengoechea Jose J Dumigan Amy A Einarsson Gisli G Elborn J Stuart JS Tunney Michael M MM

Respiratory research 20191218 1

<h4>Introduction</h4>Bacteria have been extensively implicated in the development of smoking related diseases, such as COPD, by either direct infection or bacteria-mediated inflammation. In response to the health risks associated with tobacco exposure, the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has increased. This study compared the effect of e-cig vapour (ECV) and cigarette smoke (CSE) on the virulence and inflammatory potential of key lung pathogens (Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumo ...[more]

PMID: 31847850

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Project description:IntroductionElectronic cigarettes (ECIGs) expose users to an aerosol containing chemicals, which could affect the respiratory system negatively. This study examined negative respiratory symptoms associated with ECIG use.MethodsIn 2019, adult current ECIG users from 24 US states who reported experiencing negative respiratory symptoms from ECIG use (n = 49; 44.9% women; mean age = 35.2, SD = 11.5) completed an online survey and brainstormed statements that completed the prompt: "A specific negative effect or symptom related to my breathing, nose, mouth, throat, or lungs that I have experienced from vaping/using my e-cigarette is..." Participants sorted the final list of 56 statements into groups of similar content and rated statements on how true they were for them. Multidimensional scaling analysis identified thematic clusters.ResultsEight ECIG use respiratory symptom clusters identified in analysis included Mucus and Congestion, Fatigue, Throat Symptoms, Breathing Problems, Mouth Symptoms, Chest Symptoms, Illness Symptoms, and Nose and Sinus Symptoms. Highly rated (ie, most common) symptoms included dry throat or mouth, fatigue during physical activity, coughing, shortness of breath, excessive phlegm, and bad taste in mouth. Mean cluster ratings did not differ based on lifetime cigarette smoking status (100 lifetime cigarettes smoked), but current cigarette smokers (ie, dual users) rated the Fatigue, Breathing Problems, Mucus and Congestion, and Nose and Sinus Symptoms clusters higher than noncurrent cigarette smokers.ConclusionsParticipant-identified respiratory symptoms perceived to be ECIG related, many similar to cigarette smoking symptoms. Future research should assess if these symptoms are associated with other negative health outcomes.ImplicationsECIG use exposes users to chemicals that may have negative health impacts on the respiratory system. Limited research has examined the broad range of negative respiratory symptoms associated with e-cigarette use. This study identified that ECIG-cigarette users perceive their ECIG use to be associated with negative respiratory symptoms. Many e-cigarette user-reported negative respiratory symptoms are similar to those associated with cigarette smoking, though some appear unique to e-cigarette use. Future research should continue to monitor respiratory symptoms reported by ECIG users and whether these are associated with health outcomes over time.

Project description:Importance:There is an ongoing debate about whether electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the solution to the tobacco epidemic or a new public health threat. Large representative studies are needed to study e-cigarette use in the general population, but hardly any have been published. Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of e-cigarette use and to investigate the association of e-cigarette use with smoking habits, demographic factors, and respiratory symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants:Cross-sectional, population-based study of random samples of the population, performed within the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) study and West Sweden Asthma Study (WSAS). The same validated questionnaire including identical questions was used in OLIN and WSAS. In 2016, OLIN and WSAS conducted postal questionnaire surveys in random samples of adults aged 20 to 75 years. In OLIN, 6519 participated (response rate, 56.4%); in WSAS, 23?753 participated (response rate, 50.1%). Main Outcomes and Measures:Electronic cigarette use, smoking habits, and respiratory symptoms. Results:Of 30?272 participants (16?325 women [53.9%]), 3897 (12.9%) were aged 20 to 29 years; 4242 (14.0%), 30 to 39 years; 5082 (16.8%), 40 to 49 years; 6052 (20.0%), 50 to 59 years; 6628 (21.9%), 60 to 69 years; and 4371 (14.4%), 70 to 75 years. The number of current smokers was 3694 (12.3%), and 7305 (24.4%) were former smokers. The number of e-cigarette users was 529 (2.0%), and e-cigarette use was more common among men (275 of 12?347 [2.2%; 95% CI, 2.0%-2.5%]) than women (254 of 14?022 [1.8%; 95% CI, 1.6%-2.0%]). Among current smokers, 350 of 3566 (9.8%; 95% CI, 8.8%-10.8%) used e-cigarettes compared with 79 of 6875 (1.1%; 95% CI, 0.9%-1.3%) in former smokers and 96 of 15?832 (0.6%; 95% CI, 0.5%-0.7%) in nonsmokers (P?<?.001). Among e-cigarette users who answered the survey question about cigarette-smoking habits (n?=?525), 350 (66.7%; 95% CI, 62.7%-70.7%) were current smokers, 79 (15.0%; 95% CI, 11.9%-18.1%) were former smokers, and 96 (18.3%; 95% CI, 15.0%-21.6%) were nonsmokers (P?<?.001 for trend). In a regression analysis, e-cigarette use was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.35; 95% CI, 1.12-1.62); age groups 20 to 29 years (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.90-4.05), 30 to 39 years (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.53-3.36), 40 to 49 years (OR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.11-2.44), and 50 to 59 years (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.01-2.12); educational level at primary school (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.51-2.64) and upper secondary school (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.25-1.96); former smoking (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.73-3.24); and current smoking (OR, 18.10; 95% CI, 14.19-23.09). All respiratory symptoms were most common among dual users and former smokers and nonsmokers who used e-cigarettes. Conclusions and Relevance:Use of e-cigarettes was most common among smokers, and dual users had the highest prevalence of respiratory symptoms. On a population level, this study indicates that the present use of e-cigarettes does not adequately serve as a smoking cessation tool.

Project description:The effects of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vapor (EV) exposure on the physiology of respiratory microflora are not fully defined. We analyzed the effects of exposure to vapor from nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-liquid formulations on the virulence and transcriptome of Streptococcus pneumoniae strain TIGR4, a pathogen that asymptomatically colonizes the human nasopharyngeal mucosa. TIGR4 was preexposed for 2 h to nicotine-containing EV extract (EVE+NIC), nicotine-free EV extract (EVE-NIC), cigarette smoke extract (CSE), or nutrient-rich tryptic soy (TS) broth (control). The differences between the treatment and control strains were explored using transcriptome sequencing (RNA sequencing [RNA-Seq]), in vitro virulence assays, and an in vivo mouse model of acute pneumonia. The analysis of RNA-Seq profiles revealed modest changes in the expression of 14 genes involved in sugar transport and metabolism in EVE-NIC-preexposed TIGR4 compared to the control, while EVE+NIC or CSE exposure altered expression of 264 and 982 genes, respectively, most of which were involved in metabolism and stress response. Infection in a mouse model of acute pneumonia with control TIGR4 or with TIGR4 preexposed to EVE+NIC, EVE-NIC, or CSE did not show significant differences in disease parameters, such as bacterial organ burden and respiratory cytokine response. Interestingly, TIGR4 exposed to CSE or EVE+NIC (but not EVE-NIC) exhibited moderate induction of biofilm formation. However, none of the treatment groups showed significant alterations in pneumococcal hydrophobicity or epithelial cell adherence. In summary, our study reports that exposure to EV significantly alters the S. pneumoniae transcriptome in a nicotine-dependent manner without affecting pneumococcal virulence.IMPORTANCE With the increasing popularity of e-cigarettes among cigarette smoking and nonsmoking adults and children and the recent reports of vaping-related lung illness and deaths, further analysis of the adverse health effects of e-cigarette vapor (EV) exposure is warranted. Since pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae can colonize the human nasopharynx as commensals, they may be affected by exposure to bioactive chemicals in EV. Hence, in this study we examined the effects of EV exposure on the physiology of S. pneumoniae strain TIGR4. In order to differentiate between the effects of nicotine and nonnicotine components, we specifically compared the RNA-Seq profiles and virulence of TIGR4 exposed to vapor from nicotine-containing and nicotine-free e-liquid formulations. We observed that nicotine-containing EV augmented TIGR4 biofilms and altered expression of TIGR4 genes predominantly involved in metabolism and stress response. However, neither nicotine-containing nor nicotine-free EV affected TIGR4 virulence in a mouse model.

Dataset Information

Electronic cigarette vapour increases virulence and inflammatory potential of respiratory pathogens.

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Publications

Electronic cigarette vapour increases virulence and inflammatory potential of respiratory pathogens.

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