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Perilla frutescens Leaf Alters the Rumen Microbial Community of Lactating Dairy Cows.

ABSTRACT: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herbaceous plant, has antibacterial, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant properties. To understand the effects of P. frutescens leaf on the ruminal microbial ecology of cattle, Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used. Fourteen cows were used in a randomized complete block design trial. Two diets were fed to these cattle: a control diet (CON); and CON supplemented with 300 g/d P. frutescens leaf (PFL) per cow. Ruminal fluid was sampled at the end of the experiment for microbial DNA extraction. Overall, our findings revealed that supplementation with PFL could increase ruminal fluid pH value. The ruminal bacterial community of cattle was dominated by Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The addition of PFL had a positive effect on Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes, but had no effect on Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria compared with the CON. The supplementation with PFL significantly increased the abundance of Marvinbryantia, Acetitomaculum, Ruminococcus gauvreauii, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Selenomonas_1, Pseudoscardovia, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and Sharpea, and decreased the abundance of Treponema_2 compared to CON. Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, and norank_f__Muribaculaceae were positively correlated with ruminal pH value. It was found that norank_f__Muribaculaceae and Acetitomaculum were positively correlated with milk yield, indicating that these different genera are PFL associated bacteria. This study suggests that PFL supplementation could increase the ruminal pH value and induce shifts in the ruminal bacterial composition.

SUBMITTER: Sun Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6921060 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Perilla frutescens Leaf Alters the Rumen Microbial Community of Lactating Dairy Cows.

Sun Zhiqiang Z Yu Zhu Z Wang Bing B

Microorganisms 20191113 11

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an annual herbaceous plant, has antibacterial, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant properties. To understand the effects of P. frutescens leaf on the ruminal microbial ecology of cattle, Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used. Fourteen cows were used in a randomized complete block design trial. Two diets were fed to these cattle: a control diet (CON); and CON supplemented with 300 g/d P. frutescens leaf (PFL) per cow. Ruminal fl ...[more]

PMID: 31766265

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Project description:BackgroundWhile severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection presents with mild or no symptoms in most cases, a significant number of patients become critically ill. Remdesivir has been approved for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in several countries, but its use as monotherapy has not substantially lowered mortality rates. Because agents from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been successfully utilized to treat pandemic and endemic diseases, we designed the current study to identify novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents from TCM.MethodsWe initially used an antivirus-induced cell death assay to screen a panel of herbal extracts. The inhibition of the viral infection step was investigated through a time-of-drug-addition assay, whereas a plaque reduction assay was carried out to validate the antiviral activity. Direct interaction of the candidate TCM compound with viral particles was assessed using a viral inactivation assay. Finally, the potential synergistic efficacy of remdesivir and the TCM compound was examined with a combination assay.ResultsThe herbal medicine Perilla leaf extract (PLE, approval number 022427 issued by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan) had EC50 of 0.12 ± 0.06 mg/mL against SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells - with a selectivity index of 40.65. Non-cytotoxic PLE concentrations were capable of blocking viral RNA and protein synthesis. In addition, they significantly decreased virus-induced cytokine release and viral protein/RNA levels in the human lung epithelial cell line Calu-3. PLE inhibited viral replication by inactivating the virion and showed additive-to-synergistic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 when used in combination with remdesivir.ConclusionOur results demonstrate for the first time that PLE is capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication by inactivating the virion. Our data may prompt additional investigation on the clinical usefulness of PLE for preventing or treating COVID-19.

Project description:IntroductionMilk fat is the most variable nutrient in milk, and recent studies have shown that rumen bacteria are closely related to milk fat. However, there is limited research on the relationship between rumen bacteria and milk fatty. Fatty acids (FAs) are an important component of milk fat and are associated with various potential benefits and risks to human health.MethodsIn this experiment, forty-five healthy Holstein dairy cows with alike physiological and productive conditions were selected from medium-sized dairy farms and raised under the same feeding and management conditions. The experimental period was two weeks. During the experiment, raw milk and rumen fluid were collected, and milk components were determined. In this study, 8 high milk fat percentage (HF) dairy cows and 8 low milk fat percentage (LF) dairy cows were selected for analysis.ResultsResults showed that the milk fat percentage in HF group was significantly greater than that of the dairy cows in the LF group. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the rumen bacterial abundance of HF dairy cows was significantly higher than that in LF dairy cows; at the genus level, the bacterial abundances of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminococcus_1, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, probable_genus_10 and U29-B03 in HF group were significantly higher than those in the LF group. Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that milk fat percentage was positively related to Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Ruminococcus_1, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group, probable_genus_10 and U29-B03. Furthermore, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 was positively related to C14:0 iso, C15:0 iso, C18:0, Ruminococcus_1 with C18:1 t9, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group with C18:1 t9 and C18:1 t11, U29-B03 with C15:0 iso.DiscussionTo sum up, rumen bacteria in dairy cows are related to the variation of milk fat, and some rumen bacteria have potential effects on the deposition of certain fatty acids in raw milk.

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Project description:Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the highly infectious diseases in dairy cows with the characteristics of high incidence and nonvisible clinical symptoms. The gastrointestinal microbiota is closely related to mastitis. Inulin is a prebiotic fiber with functions in improving intestinal microbial communities and enhancing the host's immunity. However, the impact of dietary inulin on the rumen inner environment remains unknown. The current study investigated whether inulin could relieve SCM by affecting the profiles of ruminal bacterial and metabolites in dairy cows. Inulin inclusion rates were 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/day per cow, respectively. Inulin increased milk yield, milk protein, and lactose and reduced the somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk. In serum, the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased, and IL-4 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. Meanwhile, inulin increased the concentration of propionate, butyrate, and lactic acid (LA), while it decreased NH3-N in rumen. The propionate- and butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Prevotella and Butyrivibrio) and several beneficial commensal bacteria (e.g., Muribaculaceae and Bifidobacterium) as well as metabolites related to energy and amino acid metabolism (e.g., melibiose and l-glutamate) were increased. However, several proinflammatory bacteria (e.g., Clostridia UCG-014, Streptococcus, and Escherichia-Shigella) were decreased, accompanied by the downregulation of lipid proinflammatory metabolites, for example, ceramide(d18:0/15:0) [Cer(d18:0/15:0)] and 17-phenyl-18,19,20-trinor-prostaglandin E2. In the current study, the above indicators showed the best response in the 300 g/day inulin group. Overall, dietary supplementation of inulin could alleviate inflammatory responses in cows with SCM through improving the rumen inner environment. IMPORTANCE The correlation between mastitis and the gastrointestinal microbiome in dairy cows has been demonstrated. Regulating the profile of rumen microorganisms may contribute to remission of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Supplementation of inulin in the diets of cows with SCM could increase the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and beneficial commensal bacteria in rumen and meanwhile the levels of amino acids and energy metabolism. Conversely, the abundance of ruminal bacteria and metabolites with proinflammatory effects were decreased. Our study suggests that the improvement of the rumen internal environment by inulin supplementation could ameliorate inflammatory responses during SCM in dairy cows and thus improve lactation performance and milk quality. Our results provide a theoretical basis for regulation measures of SCM in dairy cows.

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Perilla frutescens Leaf Alters the Rumen Microbial Community of Lactating Dairy Cows.

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<i>Perilla frutescens</i> Leaf Alters the Rumen Microbial Community of Lactating Dairy Cows.

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