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Administration of encapsulated L-tryptophan improves duodenal starch digestion and increases gastrointestinal hormones secretions in beef cattle.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE:This study investigated the effects of oral administration of rumen-protected L-tryptophan (RPL-T) on duodenal starch digestion and gastrointestinal hormones (GIH) secretions using Hanwoo beef steers as the animal models. METHODS:Four steers (423±24 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were employed in a crossover design replicated twice. Treatments were control (basal diet) and RPL-T (basal diet+191.1 mg/kg body weight [BW]) group. Blood and duodenal samples were collected to measure serum GIH levels and pancreatic α-amylase activity at day 0, 1, 3, and 5 (-30, 30, 90, 150, and 210 min) of the study. Samples from each segment of the gastrointestinal tract were collected via ruminal and duodenal cannulas and were used to determine soluble protein and the starch digestion rate at days 6 (-30, 180, 360, and 540 min) and 8 (-30, 90, 270, and 450 min) of the experiment. RESULTS:No significant difference in ruminal pH, NH3-N, and total volatile fatty acid including the levels of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and the acetate-to-propionate ratio was observed between groups (p>0.05). Crude protein uptake was higher and feces starch content was lower in RPL-T group than the control group (p<0.05). The D-glucose contents of feces in RPL-T group decreased at day 5 compared to those in the control group (p<0.05), however, no change was found at day 0, 1, or 3 compared to the control group (p>0.05). Serum cholecystokinin (CCK), melatonin, duodenal pancreatic α-amylase activity, and starch digestion were significantly higher in RPL-T group than the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:Taken together, oral administration of RPL-T at the rate of 191.1 mg/kg BW consistently increased CCK concentration, pancreatic α-amylase activity in duodenal fluids, and starch digestion rate in the small intestine and thus found to be beneficial.

SUBMITTER: Lee SB

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6946987 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Many nutritionists adopt feeding strategies designed to increase ruminal starch fermentation because ruminal capacity for starch degradation often exceeds amounts of starch able to be digested in the small intestine of cattle. However, increases in fermentable energy supply are positively correlated with increased instances of metabolic disorders and reductions in DMI, and energy derived by cattle subsequent to fermentation is less than that derived when glucose is intestinally absorbed. Small intestinal starch digestion (SISD) appears to be limited by ?-glycohydrolase secretions and a precise understanding of digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine remains equivocal. Interestingly, small intestinal ?-glycohydrolase secretions are responsive to luminal appearance of milk-specific protein (i.e., casein) in the small intestine of cattle, and SISD is increased by greater postruminal flows of individual AA (i.e., Glu). Greater flows of casein and Glu appear to augment SISD, but by apparently different mechanisms. Greater small intestinal absorption of glucose has been associated with increased omental fat accretion even though SISD can increase NE from starch by more than 42% compared to ruminal starch degradation. Nonetheless, in vitro data suggest that greater glucogenicity of diets can allow for greater intramuscular fat accretion, and if greater small intestinal absorption of glucose does not mitigate hepatic gluconeogenesis then increases in SISD may provide opportunity to increase synthesis of intramuscular fat. If duodenal metabolizable AA flow can be altered to allow for improved SISD in cattle, then diet modification may allow for large improvements in feed efficiency and beef quality. Few data are available on direct effects of increases in SISD in response to greater casein or metabolizable Glu flow. An improved understanding of effects of increased SISD in response to greater postruminal flow of Glu and casein on improvements in NE and fates of luminally assimilated glucose could allow for increased efficiency of energy use from corn and improvements in conversion of corn grain to beef. New knowledge related to effects of greater postruminal flow of Glu and casein on starch utilization by cattle will allow nutritionists to more correctly match dietary nutrients to cattle requirements, thereby allowing large improvements in nutrient utilization and efficiency of gain among cattle fed starch-based diets.

Project description:Previous research has demonstrated a positive relationship between dietary Metabolisable Energy Intake (MEI) and increased maintenance energy costs associated with the visceral tissues. Limitations in understanding this relationship include a lack of access to samples to assess regulatory control of the putative response gastrointestinal tissues to nutrients. This experiment was conducted with a single nutrient (starch hydrolysate) infused (7 d) directly into the intestine to mimic typical changes in post-ruminal starch delivery in dairy production settings. Duodenal epithelial samples collected via biopsy were evaluated using next-generation sequencing technology (RNA-Seq) to validate the use of this approach for the profiling and comparison of the transcriptome of cattle intestinal epithelial tissues. Samples of intestinal epithelial tissue were collected prior to and during the infusion of starch hydrolysate. Biopsies were collected on day 0 before and day 1, day 3, and day 7 during the infusion. Additionally, samples were collected on day 1 and day 7 after infusion was discontinued (Day 8 and Day14 of the experiment). Evaluation of RNA-seq data revealed dynamic changes in global gene expression during infusion. On day 7 of the infusion, 1490 genes were found to be differentially expressed (DE) compared to the day 0 control samples with FDR p < 0.05, vs. 105 genes on day 1 and 246 genes on Day 3. However, on day 8, after infusion was terminated for 24 h, only 428 genes were identified as differentially expressed compared to day 0 and only 107 genes continued to be identified by Day 14. Thus, the apparent differential expression of these genes is putatively a result of the single nutrient infused. Further, performing function and pathway analysis of the identified DE genes using IPA, we observe changes in digestive system development, and function pathways are among the primary functions of the DE genes, as well as immune response elements. Finally, primary transcription regulators such as PTH, JUN, WNT, and TNFRSF11B were identified as the activated upstream regulators for specific future focus. Using a serial biopsy approach we are able to identify differentially expressed genes from cow duodenal epithelial tissue in response to a short-term perturbation with infused starch hydrolysate.

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Administration of encapsulated L-tryptophan improves duodenal starch digestion and increases gastrointestinal hormones secretions in beef cattle.

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