Dataset Information

A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Deformable Face Tracking "In-the-Wild".

ABSTRACT: Recently, technologies such as face detection, facial landmark localisation and face recognition and verification have matured enough to provide effective and efficient solutions for imagery captured under arbitrary conditions (referred to as "in-the-wild"). This is partially attributed to the fact that comprehensive "in-the-wild" benchmarks have been developed for face detection, landmark localisation and recognition/verification. A very important technology that has not been thoroughly evaluated yet is deformable face tracking "in-the-wild". Until now, the performance has mainly been assessed qualitatively by visually assessing the result of a deformable face tracking technology on short videos. In this paper, we perform the first, to the best of our knowledge, thorough evaluation of state-of-the-art deformable face tracking pipelines using the recently introduced 300 VW benchmark. We evaluate many different architectures focusing mainly on the task of on-line deformable face tracking. In particular, we compare the following general strategies: (a) generic face detection plus generic facial landmark localisation, (b) generic model free tracking plus generic facial landmark localisation, as well as (c) hybrid approaches using state-of-the-art face detection, model free tracking and facial landmark localisation technologies. Our evaluation reveals future avenues for further research on the topic.

SUBMITTER: Chrysos GG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6953975 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Imputation of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to a larger known reference panel of SNPs has become a standard and an essential part of genome-wide association studies. However, little is known about the behavior of imputation in African Americans with respect to the different imputation algorithms, the reference population(s) and the reference SNP panels used. Genome-wide SNP data (Affymetrix 6.0) from 3207 African American samples in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) was used to systematically evaluate imputation quality and yield. Imputation was performed with the imputation algorithms MACH, IMPUTE and BEAGLE using several combinations of three reference panels of HapMap III (ASW, YRI and CEU) and 1000 Genomes Project (pilot 1 YRI June 2010 release, EUR and AFR August 2010 and June 2011 releases) panels with SNP data on chromosomes 18, 20 and 22. About 10% of the directly genotyped SNPs from each chromosome were masked, and SNPs common between the reference panels were used for evaluating the imputation quality using two statistical metrics-concordance accuracy and Cohen's kappa (?) coefficient. The dependencies of these metrics on the minor allele frequencies (MAF) and specific genotype categories (minor allele homozygotes, heterozygotes and major allele homozygotes) were thoroughly investigated to determine the best panel and method for imputation in African Americans. In addition, the power to detect imputed SNPs associated with simulated phenotypes was studied using the mean genotype of each masked SNP in the imputed data. Our results indicate that the genotype concordances after stratification into each genotype category and Cohen's ? coefficient are considerably better equipped to differentiate imputation performance compared with the traditionally used total concordance statistic, and both statistics improved with increasing MAF irrespective of the imputation method. We also find that both MACH and IMPUTE performed equally well and consistently better than BEAGLE irrespective of the reference panel used. Of the various combinations of reference panels, for both HapMap III and 1000 Genomes Project reference panels, the multi-ethnic panels had better imputation accuracy than those containing only single ethnic samples. The most recent 1000 Genomes Project release June 2011 had substantially higher number of imputed SNPs than HapMap III and performed as well or better than the best combined HapMap III reference panels and previous releases of the 1000 Genomes Project.

Project description:PurposeDeformable image registration (DIR) is a key enabling technology in many diagnostic and therapeutic tasks, but often does not meet the required robustness and accuracy for supporting clinical tasks. This is in large part due to a lack of high-quality benchmark datasets by which new DIR algorithms can be evaluated. Our team was supported by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering to develop DIR benchmark dataset libraries for multiple anatomical sites, comprising of large numbers of highly accurate landmark pairs on matching blood vessel bifurcations. Here we introduce our lung CT DIR benchmark dataset library, which was developed to improve upon the number and distribution of landmark pairs in current public lung CT benchmark datasets.Acquisition and validation methodsThirty CT image pairs were acquired from several publicly available repositories as well as authors' institution with IRB approval. The data processing workflow included multiple steps: (1) The images were denoised. (2) Lungs, airways, and blood vessels were automatically segmented. (3) Bifurcations were directly detected on the skeleton of the segmented vessel tree. (4) Falsely identified bifurcations were filtered out using manually defined rules. (5) A DIR was used to project landmarks detected on the first image onto the second image of the image pair to form landmark pairs. (6) Landmark pairs were manually verified. This workflow resulted in an average of 1262 landmark pairs per image pair. Estimates of the landmark pair target registration error (TRE) using digital phantoms were 0.4 mm ± 0.3 mm.Data format and usage notesThe data is published in Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8200423. Instructions for use can be found at https://github.com/deshanyang/Lung-DIR-QA.Potential applicationsThe dataset library generated in this work is the largest of its kind to date and will provide researchers with a new and improved set of ground truth benchmarks for quantitatively validating DIR algorithms within the lung.

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A Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Deformable Face Tracking "In-the-Wild".

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