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USP7-Dependent Regulation of TRAF Activation and Signaling by a Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor Homologue.

ABSTRACT: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) encodes four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs 1 to 4), all of which are expressed during lytic replication and inhibit a variety of antiviral signaling pathways. Viral IRFs 1, 2, and 3 are also expressed during latency in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, and vIRF-1 and vIRF-3 have been reported to promote PEL cell viability. Viral IRFs 1, 3, and 4 are known to interact with ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7); interactions of vIRF-1 and vIRF-3 with USP7 promote PEL cell viability and regulate productive replication. Here, we report that vIRF-2 also targets USP7, utilizing a PSTS motif matching the USP7 N-terminal domain-binding A/PxxS consensus, but uniquely requires catalytic domain residues for intracellular interaction. In functional and mechanistic analyses, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-mediated signaling and associated polyubiquitination of TRAFs 3 and 6, specifically, were regulated negatively by USP7 and positively by vIRF-2-USP7 interaction, the latter competing for USP7-TRAF association. Using depletion, depletion-complementation, and targeted mutagenesis approaches, vIRF-2 was determined to promote latent PEL cell viability, likely independently of USP7 interaction, while lytic replication was inhibited by vIRF-2, in part or in whole via USP7 interaction. Together, our data identify a new molecular determinant of USP7 recognition, TRAF3/6-specific targeting by the deubiquitinase, associated activation of these TRAFs by vIRF-2, and activities of vIRF-2 and vIRF-2-USP7 interaction in HHV-8 latent and lytic biology.IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 8-encoded IRF homologues were the first to be identified in a virus. Through inhibitory interactions with cellular IRFs and other mediators of antiviral signaling, the vIRFs are believed to be essential for productive replication and also for latency in particular cell types. The deubiquitinase USP7 is a regulator of key cellular pathways, modulates HHV-8 latent and lytic infection, and is targeted by vIRFs 1, 3, and 4. Here, we report that vIRF-2 also interacts with USP7, via a means distinguishable from USP7 interactions with other vIRFs and other proteins, that this interaction modulates antiviral signaling via disruption of USP7 interactions with innate immune signaling proteins TRAF3 and TRAF6, and that vIRF-2 targeting of USP7 regulates HHV-8 productive replication. The presented data are the first to identify vIRF-2 targeting of USP7 and its role in HHV-8 biology, expanding our understanding of the repertoire and importance of virus-host interactions.

SUBMITTER: Xiang Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6955280 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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USP7-Dependent Regulation of TRAF Activation and Signaling by a Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor Homologue.

Xiang Qiwang Q Ju Hyunwoo H Nicholas John J

Journal of virology 20200106 2

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) encodes four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs 1 to 4), all of which are expressed during lytic replication and inhibit a variety of antiviral signaling pathways. Viral IRFs 1, 2, and 3 are also expressed during latency in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cells, and vIRF-1 and vIRF-3 have been reported to promote PEL cell viability. Viral IRFs 1, 3, and 4 are known to interact with ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7); interactions of vIRF-1 and vIRF-3 with US ...[more]

PMID: 31666375

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Project description:The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8, open reading frame (ORF) K9 encodes a viral interferon regulatory factor (vIRF) that functions as a repressor for interferon-mediated signal transduction. Consequently, this gene is thought to play an important role in the tumorigenicity of KSHV. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying vIRF expression, we studied the transcriptional regulation of this gene. Experiments using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends and primer extension revealed that vIRF had different transcriptional patterns during the latent and lytic phases. The promoter region of the minor transcript, which was mainly expressed in uninduced BCBL-1 cells, did not contain a canonical TATA box, but a cap-like element and an initiator element flanked the transcription start site. The promoter of the major transcript, which was mainly expressed in tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced BCBL-1 cells, contained a canonical TATA box. A luciferase reporter assay using a deletion mutant of the vIRF promoter and a mutation in the TATA box showed that the TATA box was critical for the lytic activity of vIRF. The promoter activity in the latent phase was eight times stronger than that of the empty vector but was less than 10% of the activity in the lytic phase. Therefore, KSHV may use different functional promoter elements to regulate the expression of vIRF and to antagonize the cell's interferon-mediated antiviral activity. We have also identified a functional domain in the ORF 50 protein, an immediate-early gene product that is mainly encoded by ORF 50. The ORF 50 protein transactivated the vIRF and DNA polymerase promoters in BCBL-1, 293T, and CV-1 cells. Deleting one of its two putative nuclear localization signals (NLSs) resulted in failure of the ORF 50 protein to localize to the nucleus and consequently abrogated its transactivating activity. We further confirmed that the N-terminal region of the ORF 50 protein included an NLS domain. We found that this domain was sufficient to translocate beta-galactosidase to the nucleus. Analysis of deletions within the vIRF promoter suggested that two sequence domains were important for its transactivation by the ORF 50 protein, both of which included putative SP-1 and AP-1 binding sites. Competition gel shift assays demonstrated that SP-1 bound to these two domains, suggesting that the SP-1 binding sites in the vIRF promoter are involved in its transactivation by ORF 50.

Project description:Viral replication efficiency is in large part governed by the ability of viruses to counteract pro-apoptotic signals induced by infection of the host cell. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) uses several strategies to block the host's innate antiviral defenses via interference with interferon and apoptotic signaling. Contributors include the four viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs 1-4), which function in dominant negative fashion to block cellular IRF activities in addition to targeting IRF signaling-induced proteins such as p53 and inhibiting other inducers of apoptosis such as TGFbeta receptor-activated Smad transcription factors. Here we identify direct targeting by vIRF-1 of BH3-only pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim, a key negative regulator of HHV-8 replication, to effect its inactivation via nuclear translocation. vIRF-1-mediated relocalization of Bim was identified in transfected cells, by both immunofluorescence assay and western analysis of fractionated cell extracts. Also, co-localization of vIRF-1 and Bim was detected in nuclei of lytically infected endothelial cells. In vitro co-precipitation assays using purified vIRF-1 and Bim revealed direct interaction between the proteins, and Bim-binding residues of vIRF-1 were mapped by deletion and point mutagenesis. Generation and experimental utilization of Bim-refractory vIRF-1 variants revealed the importance of vIRF-1:Bim interaction, specifically, in pro-replication and anti-apoptotic activity of vIRF-1. Furthermore, blocking of the interaction with cell-permeable peptide corresponding to the Bim-binding region of vIRF-1 confirmed the relevance of vIRF-1:Bim association to vIRF-1 pro-replication activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an IRF protein that interacts with a Bcl-2 family member and of nuclear sequestration of Bim or any other member of the family as a means of inactivation. The data presented reveal a novel mechanism utilized by a virus to control replication-induced apoptosis and suggest that inhibitory targeting of vIRF-1:Bim interaction may provide an effective antiviral strategy.

Dataset Information

USP7-Dependent Regulation of TRAF Activation and Signaling by a Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor Homologue.

Publications

USP7-Dependent Regulation of TRAF Activation and Signaling by a Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor Homologue.

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