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Metabolic Syndrome-An Emerging Constellation of Risk Factors: Electrochemical Detection Strategies.

ABSTRACT: Metabolic syndrome is a condition that results from dysfunction of different metabolic pathways leading to increased risk of disorders such as hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders etc. As this condition cannot be diagnosed based on a single marker, multiple markers need to be detected and quantified to assess the risk facing an individual of metabolic syndrome. In this context, chemical- and bio-sensors capable of detecting multiple analytes may provide an appropriate diagnostic strategy. Research in this field has resulted in the evolution of sensors from the first generation to a fourth generation of 'smart' sensors. A shift in the sensing paradigm involving the sensing element and transduction strategy has also resulted in remarkable advancements in biomedical diagnostics particularly in terms of higher sensitivity and selectivity towards analyte molecule and rapid response time. This review encapsulates the significant advancements reported so far in the field of sensors developed for biomarkers of metabolic syndrome.

SUBMITTER: Sasya M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6982738 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Metabolic Syndrome-An Emerging Constellation of Risk Factors: Electrochemical Detection Strategies.

Sasya Madhurantakam M Devi K S Shalini KSS Babu Jayanth K JK Balaguru Rayappan John Bosco JB Krishnan Uma Maheswari UM

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) 20191223 1

Metabolic syndrome is a condition that results from dysfunction of different metabolic pathways leading to increased risk of disorders such as hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders etc. As this condition cannot be diagnosed based on a single marker, multiple markers need to be detected and quantified to assess the risk facing an individual of metabolic syndrome. In this context, chemical- and bio-sensors capable of detecting multiple analyte ...[more]

PMID: 31878023

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Project description:BackgroundThe impact of integrated lifestyles on health has attracted a lot of attention. It remains unclear whether adherence to low-risk healthy lifestyle factors is protective in individuals with metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome-like characteristics. We aimed to explore whether and to what extent overall lifestyle scores mitigate the risk of all-cause mortality in individuals with metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome-like characteristics.MethodsIn total, 6934 participants from the 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included. The weighted healthy lifestyle score was constructed based on smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet, sleep duration, and sedentary behavior information. Generalized linear regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to analyze the association between healthy lifestyle scores and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Compared to participants with relatively low healthy lifestyle scores, the risk ratio (RR) in the middle healthy lifestyle score group was 0.51 (RR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.88), and the high score group was 0.26 (RR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.15-0.48) in the population with metabolic syndrome. The difference in gender persists. In females, the RRs of the middle and high score groups were 0.47 (RR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.96) and 0.21 (RR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.09-0.46), respectively. In males, by contrast, the protective effect of a healthy lifestyle was more pronounced in the high score group (RR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.83) and in females, the protective effects were found to be more likely. The protective effect of a healthy lifestyle on mortality was more pronounced in those aged < 65 years. Higher lifestyle scores were associated with more prominent protective effects, regardless of the presence of one metabolic syndrome factor or a combination of several factors in 15 groups. What's more, the protective effect of an emerging healthy lifestyle was more pronounced than that of a conventional lifestyle.ConclusionsAdherence to an emerging healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of all-cause mortality in people with metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome-like characteristics; the higher the score, the more obvious the protective effect. Our study highlights lifestyle modification as a highly effective nonpharmacological approach that deserves further generalization.

Project description:BackgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) remains a controversial entity. Specific clusters of MetS components - rather than MetS per se - are associated with accelerated arterial ageing and with cardiovascular (CV) events. To investigate whether the distribution of clusters of MetS components differed cross-culturally, we studied 34,821 subjects from 12 cohorts from 10 European countries and one cohort from the USA in the MARE (Metabolic syndrome and Arteries REsearch) Consortium.MethodsIn accordance with the ATP III criteria, MetS was defined as an alteration three or more of the following five components: elevated glucose (G), fasting glucose ≥110 mg/dl; low HDL cholesterol, < 40mg/dl for men or <50 mg/dl for women; high triglycerides (T), ≥150 mg/dl; elevated blood pressure (B), ≥130/≥85 mmHg; abdominal obesity (W), waist circumference >102 cm for men or >88 cm for women.ResultsMetS had a 24.3% prevalence (8468 subjects: 23.9% in men vs. 24.6% in women, p < 0.001) with an age-associated increase in its prevalence in all the cohorts. The age-adjusted prevalence of the clusters of MetS components previously associated with greater arterial and CV burden differed across countries (p < 0.0001) and in men and women (p < 0.0001). In details, the cluster TBW was observed in 12% of the subjects with MetS, but was far more common in the cohorts from the UK (32.3%), Sardinia in Italy (19.6%), and Germany (18.5%) and less prevalent in the cohorts from Sweden (1.2%), Spain (2.6%), and the USA (2.5%). The cluster GBW accounted for 12.7% of subjects with MetS with higher occurrence in Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, and Portugal: 31.4, 18.4, and 17.1% respectively) and in Belgium (20.4%), than in Northern Europe (Germany, Sweden, and Lithuania: 7.6, 9.4, and 9.6% respectively).ConclusionsThe analysis of the distribution of MetS suggested that what follows under the common definition of MetS is not a unique entity rather a constellation of cluster of MetS components, likely selectively risky for CV disease, whose occurrence differs across countries.

Project description:OBJECTIVE:Metabolic syndrome refers to a collection of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, improves glycemic control and reduces body weight and blood pressure (BP) in a broad range of patients with T2DM. This post hoc analysis assessed the effects of canagliflozin on the components of metabolic syndrome in patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome. METHODS:This analysis was based on data from 2 head-to-head studies of canagliflozin in patients with T2DM on background metformin versus glimepiride (study 1) and background metformin plus sulfonylurea versus sitagliptin 100 mg (study 2). Changes from baseline in glycemic efficacy, anthropometric measures, BP, and lipids were evaluated with canagliflozin versus glimepiride and sitagliptin at week 52 in patients who met ?2 of the criteria for metabolic syndrome (in addition to T2DM): triglycerides ?1.7 mmol/L; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) <1.0 mmol/L (men) or <1.3 mmol/L (women); waist circumference ?102 cm (non-Asian men), ?88 cm (non-Asian women), >90 cm (Asian men), or >80 cm (Asian women); diagnosis of hypertension or meeting BP-related criteria (systolic BP ?130 mmHg or diastolic BP ?85 mmHg). Safety was assessed based on adverse event reports. RESULTS:In study 1, canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg provided similar and greater HbA1c reductions versus glimepiride, respectively. In study 2, canagliflozin 300 mg provided greater HbA1c lowering versus sitagliptin 100 mg. Canagliflozin also reduced fasting plasma glucose, body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, BP, and triglycerides, and increased HDL-C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol versus glimepiride and sitagliptin. Canagliflozin was generally well tolerated in each study. CONCLUSION:Canagliflozin was associated with improvements in all components of metabolic syndrome in patients with T2DM and metabolic syndrome, whereas glimepiride and sitagliptin only improved glycemic components over 52 weeks.

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Metabolic Syndrome-An Emerging Constellation of Risk Factors: Electrochemical Detection Strategies.

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Metabolic Syndrome-An Emerging Constellation of Risk Factors: Electrochemical Detection Strategies.

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