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Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence.

ABSTRACT: Multiple neurocognitive systems contribute simultaneously to learning. For example, dopamine and basal ganglia (BG) systems are thought to support reinforcement learning (RL) by incrementally updating the value of choices, while the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes different computations, such as actively maintaining precise information in working memory (WM). It is commonly thought that WM and PFC show more protracted development than RL and BG systems, yet their contributions are rarely assessed in tandem. Here, we used a simple learning task to test how RL and WM contribute to changes in learning across adolescence. We tested 187 subjects ages 8 to 17 and 53 adults (25-30). Participants learned stimulus-action associations from feedback; the learning load was varied to be within or exceed WM capacity. Participants age 8-12 learned slower than participants age 13-17, and were more sensitive to load. We used computational modeling to estimate subjects' use of WM and RL processes. Surprisingly, we found more protracted changes in RL than WM during development. RL learning rate increased with age until age 18 and WM parameters showed more subtle, gender- and puberty-dependent changes early in adolescence. These results can inform education and intervention strategies based on the developmental science of learning.

SUBMITTER: Master SL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC6994540 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence.

Master Sarah L SL Eckstein Maria K MK Gotlieb Neta N Dahl Ronald R Wilbrecht Linda L Collins Anne G E AGE

Developmental cognitive neuroscience 20191114

Multiple neurocognitive systems contribute simultaneously to learning. For example, dopamine and basal ganglia (BG) systems are thought to support reinforcement learning (RL) by incrementally updating the value of choices, while the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes different computations, such as actively maintaining precise information in working memory (WM). It is commonly thought that WM and PFC show more protracted development than RL and BG systems, yet their contributions are rarely ass ...[more]

PMID: 31826837

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Project description:BackgroundAnemia and poor physical growth during adolescence have far-ranging consequences, but limited longitudinal evidence exists on how changes in these factors relate to changes in learning skills as adolescents mature.ObjectivesWe examined the association between changes in anemia and physical growth during adolescence and learning outcomes.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from the Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults (UDAYA) project, which surveyed adolescents aged 10-19 y in northern India in 2015-2016 and 2018-2019 (n = 5963). We used multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine associations between changes in anemia/thinness/stunting status (4 groups: never, improved, new, and persistent) and reading (ability to read a story) and math proficiency (ability to solve division problems) at follow-up.ResultsPersistent anemia and stunting were higher among girls than among boys (46% compared with 8% and 37% compared with 14%, respectively), but persistent thinness was lower (7% compared with 16%). Improvement in anemia, thinness, and stunting was 1.4-1.7 times higher among boys than among girls. Boys who were anemic in both waves were 74% [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.26; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.59] and 65% (AOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.76) less likely to be able to read a story and solve division problems, respectively, than boys who were nonanemic in both waves. Persistent thinness in boys was negatively associated with both reading (AOR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.66) and math proficiency (AOR: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.46). Persistent stunting contributed to lower reading and math proficiency in boys and girls (AORs: 0.29-0.46). Boys whose anemia or thinness status improved and girls whose stunting status improved had similar learning skills at follow-up as those who were never anemic/thin/stunted.ConclusionsPersistent anemia, thinness, and short stature during adolescence were associated with poor learning. Programs targeted at adolescents should contribute to nurturing environments that foster healthy growth and learning.

Project description:BackgroundAdolescence is a significant period for the gender-dependent development of lung function. Prior studies have shown that DNA methylation (DNA-M) is associated with lung function and DNA-M at some cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide sites (CpGs) changes over time. This study examined whether changes of DNA-M at lung-function-related CpGs are associated with changes in lung function during adolescence for each gender, and if so, the biological significance of the detected CpGs.MethodsGenome-scale DNA-M was measured in peripheral blood samples at ages 10 (n = 330) and 18 years (n = 476) from the Isle of Wight (IOW) birth cohort in United Kingdom, using Illumina Infinium arrays (450 K and EPIC). Spirometry was conducted at both ages. A training and testing method was used to screen 402,714 CpGs for their potential associations with lung function. Linear regressions were applied to assess the association of changes in lung function with changes of DNA-M at those CpGs potentially related to lung function. Adolescence-related and personal and family-related confounders were included in the model. The analyses were stratified by gender. Multiple testing was adjusted by controlling false discovery rate of 0.05. Findings were further examined in two independent birth cohorts, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Children and Parents (ALSPAC) and the Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology (BAMSE) cohort. Pathway analyses were performed on genes to which the identified CpGs were mapped.ResultsFor females, 42 CpGs showed statistically significant associations with change in FEV1/FVC, but none for change in FEV1 or FVC. No CpGs were identified for males. In replication analyses, 16 and 21 of the 42 CpGs showed the same direction of associations among the females in the ALSPAC and BAMSE cohorts, respectively, with 11 CpGs overlapping across all the three cohorts. Through pathway analyses, significant biological processes were identified that have previously been related to lung function development.ConclusionsThe detected 11 CpGs in all three cohorts have the potential to serve as the candidate epigenetic markers for changes in lung function during adolescence in females.

Project description:ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the trends in body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%) from the age of 13 to 17 years and to evaluate how sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics at the age of 13 impact changes in BMI and BF%.SettingPorto, Portugal.ParticipantsWe evaluated 1451 adolescents in a community-based cohort.Outcome measuresBMI z-scores were calculated according to CDC references. BF% was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Variables with a significant effect in adiposity changes were identified through linear regression models. In girls, estimates were controlled for duration of follow-up, parental education, baseline BMI z-score, age at menarche and the interaction term baseline BMI z-score×age at menarche; in boys, adjustments were performed for duration of follow-up, parental education, baseline BMI z-score and the interaction term baseline BMI z-score×duration of follow-up.ResultsOn average, BMI z-score decreased from the age of 13 to 17 years (mean difference -0.20, 95% CI -0.23 to -0.16 among girls and -0.15, 95% CI -0.19 to -0.11 among boys). Accordingly, 12.4% of girls and 13% of boys moved to a lower BMI category and 2.2% of girls and 5.5% of boys to a higher category. There were sex differences in the significant determinants of adiposity trends. Among girls, BMI z-score significantly decreased with baseline BMI z-score (β=-0.163, 95% CI -0.204 to -0.122) and significantly increased with age at menarche (β=0.078, 95% CI 0.050 to 0.107). Results were similar for BF%. Among boys, BMI z-score significantly increased with higher parental BMI, and BF% decreased among those who wished to look larger at the age of 13 (β=-1.367, 95% CI -2.174 to -0.560), compared with those who were satisfied with their image.ConclusionsIn adolescents, ageing resulted in a decrease in BMI z-scores and BF%. BMI and BF% at the age of 13 were the major determinants of the observed trends. Our results suggest that adolescence is a possible specific time window for intervention.

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Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence.

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Distentangling the systems contributing to changes in learning during adolescence.

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