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Alternative processing technology for the preparation of carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma by stir-frying with sand.

ABSTRACT: Context: Carbonized ginger, a type of charry herb, has been used as a hemostatic medicine since ancient times. However, there are some serious problems such as inhomogeneous heating and emitting smoke during processing with traditional stir-frying method.Objective: To investigate the feasibility to obtain carbonized ginger by stir-frying with sand instead of stir-frying method.Materials and methods: Dried-ginger (100 g) was processed by stir-frying for 30 min at 270 ± 10 °C, or by stir-frying with sand (1:10, w/w) for 8 min at 240 ± 5 °C. The HPLC fingerprint was established for two samples. The adsorption capacity and major components including tannins, gingerols, shogaols and gingerone were quantitated by UV and HPLC, respectively. The hemostatic effect by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was evaluated in vitro.Results: The similarity of the two samples for HPLC fingerprints was >0.93. The sand-fried samples showed significantly higher adsorption capacity compared with the stir-fried samples (4.915 vs. 4.593 mg/g; p < 0.05) and higher contents of major components (4.698 vs. 3.930 mg/g, 1.352 vs. 1.144 mg/g, 2.419 vs. 2.095 mg/g, 0.666 vs. 0.568 mg/g and 1.083 vs. 0.911 mg/g for tannins, gingerone, 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol, respectively; p < 0.05); while no significant differences were seen for 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol (p > 0.05). The PT and APTT values were similar between the stir-fried and sand-fried test groups and significantly lower compared to controls (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The carbonizing process by stir-frying with sand is superior to the stir-frying method for carbonized ginger.

SUBMITTER: Mei-Yu S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7006685 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Carbonizing by stir-frying (CSF) is the most common technology in botanical folk medicines to enhance the convergence, hemostasis, and antidiarrheal effects. Sanguisorbae Radix (SR), a well-known herbal medicine in China, has extensive therapeutic functions, while charred SR is known as an additional product obtained from SR after CSF. In this study, mass spectrometry was used to investigate the effect of charring on tannins transformation of SR. The findings showed that the content level of tannins in SR decreased significantly after carbonizing process, while their three categories, gallotannins, ellagitannins, and procyanidins, had downward trends in general. Moreover, CSF also induced the polyphenol in SR to release relevant monomers from its origins. Significant amount of hydrolyzable tannins were detected by mass spectrometry, including gallotannins and ellagitannins, suggesting that hydrolysis during CSF yielded gallic and ellagic acid and their derivatives, in addition to sugar moieties. Subsequently, gallic and ellagic acid can further polymerize to form sanguisorbic acid dilactone. The amount of proanthocyanidins, the oligomers of catechin, including procyanidin, procyanidin C2, procyanidin B3, and 3-O-galloylprocyanidin B3, decreased to form catechin and its derivatives, which may further degrade to protocatechualdehyde. Quantitative analysis illustrated that the amount of gallic, pyrogallic, and ellagic acid and methyl gallate, the essential effectors in SR, significantly increased after CSF, with increased ratios of 1.36, 4.28, 10.33, and 4.79, respectively. In contrast, the contents of cathechin and epigallocatechin dropped remarkably with increased ratios of 0.04 and 0.02. Tannins exhibit moderate absorption, while their relevant monomers have a higher bioavailability. Therefore, CSF is proved here to be an effective technique to the release of active monomers from the original polyphenol precursor. This study explored the mechanism by which tannins are transformed upon CSF of SR.

Project description:The transformation pathways of diterpenoid alkaloids have been clarified in the boiling and steaming process. Aconitine, a famous diterpenoid alkaloid, is successively transformed into benzoylaconine and aconine during the processes of boiling and steaming, but the transformation pathway remains to be determined in the sand frying process. The present study aims at investigating the transformation pathways of aconitine in the process of sand frying, as well as assessing the cardiotoxicity and antiarrhythmic activity of aconitine and its converted products. The parameters of temperature and time for the structural transformation of aconitine were confirmed by HPLC. The converted products were further separated and identified by column chromatography, NMR, and HR-ESI-MS. Furthermore, by observing the lead II electrocardiogram (ECG) changes in rats under an equivalent dose, the cardiotoxicity of aconitine and its converted products were compared. Ultimately, the antiarrhythmic effect of the converted products was investigated by employing the model of aconitine-induced arrhythmia. Consequently, the structure of aconitine was converted when processed at 120°C-200°C for 1-40 min. Two diterpenoid alkaloids, a pair of epimers, namely, pyroaconitine and 16-epi-pyroaconitine, were further isolated from processed aconitine. 0.03 mg/kg aconitine induced arrhythmias in normal rats, while the converted products did not exhibit arrhythmias under an equal dose. In the antiarrhythmic assay, 16-epi-pyroaconitine could dose-dependently delay the onset time of VPB, reduce the incidence of VT, and increase the arrhythmia inhibition rate, demonstrating comparatively strong antiarrhythmic activity. Conclusively, compared with the prototype compound aconitine, the converted products exhibited lower cardiotoxicity. Further investigations on the cardiotoxicity indicated that pyroaconitine with β configuration had a stronger cardiotoxicity than 16-epi-pyroaconitine with α configuration. Furthermore, 16-epi-pyroaconitine could antagonize the arrhythmogenic effect caused by the prototype compound aconitine; the antiarrhythmic effect of 16-epi-pyroaconitine was stronger than lidocaine and propafenone, which had the potential to be developed as antiarrhythmic drugs.

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Alternative processing technology for the preparation of carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma by stir-frying with sand.

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