Dataset Information

The Importance of TOR Kinase in Plant Development.

ABSTRACT: TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase has been recognised as a key developmental regulator in both plants and animals. Despite their distinct developmental programmes, all eukaryotes studied possess a functional TOR kinase, which integrates environmental and nutrient signals to direct growth and development. This is particularly important in plants, as they are sessile and must sense and respond to external signals to coordinate multicellular growth appropriately. Thus, the investigation of TOR is essential for plant developmental studies in the context of the resources available for growth. Recently, links have been shown between TOR and plant development from embryogenesis through to senescence, however more investigation is crucial to fully elucidate TOR function in each developmental process.

SUBMITTER: McCready K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7012898 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The Importance of TOR Kinase in Plant Development.

McCready Kirsty K Spencer Victoria V Kim Minsung M

Frontiers in plant science 20200205

TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) kinase has been recognised as a key developmental regulator in both plants and animals. Despite their distinct developmental programmes, all eukaryotes studied possess a functional TOR kinase, which integrates environmental and nutrient signals to direct growth and development. This is particularly important in plants, as they are sessile and must sense and respond to external signals to coordinate multicellular growth appropriately. Thus, the investigation of TOR is es ...[more]

PMID: 32117365

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Project description:Like other intracellular eukaryotic phytopathogens, the devastating rice blast fungus Magnaporthe (Pyricularia) oryzae first infects living host cells by elaborating invasive hyphae (IH) surrounded by a plant-derived membrane. This forms an extended biotrophic interface enclosing an apoplastic compartment into which fungal effectors can be deployed to evade host detection. M. oryzae also forms a focal, plant membrane-rich structure, the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), that accumulates cytoplasmic effectors for translocation into host cells. Molecular decision-making processes integrating fungal growth and metabolism in host cells with interface function and dynamics are unknown. Here, we report unanticipated roles for the M. oryzae Target-of-Rapamycin (TOR) nutrient-signaling pathway in mediating plant-fungal biotrophic interface membrane integrity. Through a forward genetics screen for M. oryzae mutant strains resistant to the specific TOR kinase inhibitor rapamycin, we discovered IMP1 encoding a novel vacuolar protein required for membrane trafficking, V-ATPase assembly, organelle acidification and autophagy induction. During infection, ?imp1 deletants developed intracellular IH in the first infected rice cell following cuticle penetration. However, fluorescently labeled effector probes revealed that interface membrane integrity became compromised as biotrophy progressed, abolishing the BIC and releasing apoplastic effectors into host cytoplasm. Growth between rice cells was restricted. TOR-independent autophagy activation in ?imp1 deletants (following infection) remediated interface function and cell-to-cell growth. Autophagy inhibition in wild type (following infection) recapitulated ?imp1. In addition to vacuoles, Imp1GFP localized to IH membranes in an autophagy-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest TOR-Imp1-autophagy branch signaling mediates membrane homeostasis to prevent catastrophic erosion of the biotrophic interface, thus facilitating fungal growth in living rice cells. The significance of this work lays in elaborating a novel molecular mechanism of infection stressing the dominance of fungal metabolism and metabolic control in sustaining long-term plant-microbe interactions. This work also has implications for understanding the enigmatic biotrophy to necrotrophy transition.

Dataset Information

The Importance of TOR Kinase in Plant Development.

Publications

The Importance of TOR Kinase in Plant Development.

Similar Datasets

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