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Exascale applications: skin in the game.

ABSTRACT: As noted in Wikipedia, skin in the game refers to having 'incurred risk by being involved in achieving a goal', where 'skin is a synecdoche for the person involved, and game is the metaphor for actions on the field of play under discussion'. For exascale applications under development in the US Department of Energy Exascale Computing Project, nothing could be more apt, with the skin being exascale applications and the game being delivering comprehensive science-based computational applications that effectively exploit exascale high-performance computing technologies to provide breakthrough modelling and simulation and data science solutions. These solutions will yield high-confidence insights and answers to the most critical problems and challenges for the USA in scientific discovery, national security, energy assurance, economic competitiveness and advanced healthcare. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Numerical algorithms for high-performance computational science'.

SUBMITTER: Alexander F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7015298 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Exascale applications: skin in the game.

Alexander Francis F Almgren Ann A Bell John J Bhattacharjee Amitava A Chen Jacqueline J Colella Phil P Daniel David D DeSlippe Jack J Diachin Lori L Draeger Erik E Dubey Anshu A Dunning Thom T Evans Thomas T Foster Ian I Francois Marianne M Germann Tim T Gordon Mark M Habib Salman S Halappanavar Mahantesh M Hamilton Steven S Hart William W Henry Huang Zhenyu Z Hungerford Aimee A Kasen Daniel D Kent Paul R C PRC Kolev Tzanio T Kothe Douglas B DB Kronfeld Andreas A Luo Ye Y Mackenzie Paul P McCallen David D Messer Bronson B Mniszewski Sue S Oehmen Chris C Perazzo Amedeo A Perez Danny D Richards David D Rider William J WJ Rieben Rob R Roche Kenneth K Siegel Andrew A Sprague Michael M Steefel Carl C Stevens Rick R Syamlal Madhava M Taylor Mark M Turner John J Vay Jean-Luc JL Voter Artur F AF Windus Theresa L TL Yelick Katherine K

Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences 20200120 2166

As noted in Wikipedia, skin in the game refers to having 'incurred risk by being involved in achieving a goal', where 'skin is a synecdoche for the person involved, and game is the metaphor for actions on the field of play under discussion'. For exascale applications under development in the US Department of Energy Exascale Computing Project, nothing could be more apt, with the skin being exascale applications and the game being delivering comprehensive science ...[more]

PMID: 31955678

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Project description:Although the identification of human skin cells is of important relevance in many forensic cases, there is currently no reliable method available. Here, we present a highly specific and sensitive messenger RNA (mRNA) approach for skin identification, meeting the key requirements in forensic analyses. We examined 11 candidate genes with skin-specific expression, as ascertained from expression databases and the literature, as well as five candidate reference genes ascertained from previous studies, in skin samples and in other forensically relevant tissues. We identified mRNA transcripts from three genes CDSN, LOR and KRT9, showing strong over-expression in skin samples relative to samples from forensic body fluids, making them suitable markers for skin identification. Out of the candidate reference genes tested, only ACTB showed similarly high expression in skin and body-fluid samples, providing a suitable reference marker for quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis of skin. Analyses of palmar and thumbprint skin samples indicate that our qPCR approach for the three skin-targeted mRNA markers, as well as the reference mRNA marker ACTB, is highly sensitive, allowing successful detection of minute amounts of skin material including full, half and quarter thumbprints, albeit with decreased success in decreasing print material. Furthermore, thumbprints stored for 6.5 months provided similar results relative to freshly analysed samples implying reasonable time-wise stability of the three skin-targeted mRNAs as well as the ACTB reference mRNA. Our study represents the first attempt towards reliable mRNA-based skin identification in forensic applications with particular relevance for future trace/touched object analyses in forensic case work. Although the approach for skin identification introduced here can be informative when applied on its own, we recommend for increased reliability the integration of (one or more of) the skin-targeted mRNA markers presented here into multiplex assays additionally including mRNA markers targeting alternative cell types expected in forensic samples.

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Exascale applications: skin in the game.

Publications

Exascale applications: skin in the game.

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