Dataset Information

An Allelopathic Role for Garlic Root Exudates in the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber in a Hydroponic Co-Culture System.

ABSTRACT: Garlic is considered to have a strong positive effect on the growth and yield of receptors under soil cultivation conditions. However, how this positive promotion is produced by changing the growth environment of the receptors or directly acting on the receptors is still not very clear. The direct influence of co-culturing with different quantities of garlic plants (the control 5, 10, 15, 20) on the growth and biochemical processes of cucumber plants was studied using a hydroponic co-culture system. Different numbers of garlic bulbs inhibited the growth of cucumber plants and increased the production and induction of reactive oxygen species, which accompanied the enhancement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to cucumber. This allelopathic exposure further reduced the chlorophyll contents and photosynthesis rate, and consequently impaired the photosynthetic performance of photosystem II (PSII). Garlic root exudates increased the leaves' carbohydrates accumulation, such as soluble sugar contents and sucrose levels by regulating the activities of metabolismic enzymes; however, no such accumulation was observed in the roots. Our results suggested that garlic root exudates can mediate negative plant-plant interactions and its phytotoxic influence on cucumber plants may have occurred through the application of oxidative stress, which consequently imbalanced the source-to-sink photo-assimilate flow.

SUBMITTER: Ding H

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7020217 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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An Allelopathic Role for Garlic Root Exudates in the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber in a Hydroponic Co-Culture System.

Ding Haiyan H Ali Ahmad A Cheng Zhihui Z

Plants (Basel, Switzerland) 20191227 1

Garlic is considered to have a strong positive effect on the growth and yield of receptors under soil cultivation conditions. However, how this positive promotion is produced by changing the growth environment of the receptors or directly acting on the receptors is still not very clear. The direct influence of co-culturing with different quantities of garlic plants (the control 5, 10, 15, 20) on the growth and biochemical processes of cucumber plants was studied using a hydroponic co-culture sys ...[more]

PMID: 31892150

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Project description:BackgroundPlant roots release a variety of organic compounds into the soil which alter the physical, chemical and biological properties of the rhizosphere. Root exudates are technically challenging to measure in soil because roots are difficult to access and exudates can be bound by minerals or consumed by microorganisms. Exudates are easier to measure with hydroponically-grown plants but, even here, simple compounds such as sugars and organic acids can be rapidly assimilated by microorganisms. Sterile hydroponic systems avoid this shortcoming but it is very difficult to maintain sterility for long periods especially for larger crop species. As a consequence, studies often use small model species such as Arabidopsis to measure exudates or use seedlings of crop plants which only have immature roots systems.ResultsWe developed a simple hydroponic system for cultivating large crop plants in sterile conditions for more than 30 days. Using this system wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were grown in sterile conditions for 30 days by which time they had reached the six-leaf stage and developed mature root systems with seminal, nodal and lateral roots. To demonstrate the utility of this system we characterized the aluminium-activated exudation of malate from the major types of wheat roots for the first time. We found that all root types measured released malate but the amounts were two-fold greater from the seminal and nodal axile roots compared with the lateral roots. Additionally, we showed that this sterile growth system could be used to collect exudates from intact whole root systems of barley.ConclusionsWe developed a simple hydroponic system that enables cereal plants to be grown in sterile conditions for longer periods than previously recorded. Using this system we measured, for the first time, the aluminium-activated efflux of malate from the major types of wheat roots. We showed the system can also be used for collecting exudates from intact root systems of 30-day-old barley plants. This hydroponic system can be modified for various purposes. Importantly it enables the study of exudates from crop species with mature root systems.

Project description:BackgroundAllelopathy in rice (Oryza sativa) is a chemically induced response that is elevated by the exogenous application of chemical compounds and barnyard grass root exudates. An in-depth understanding of the response mechanisms of rice to chemical induction is necessary for the identification of target genes for increasing the allelopathic potential of rice. However, no previous studies have evaluated the transcriptomic changes associated with allelopathy in rice in response to barnyard grass exudates treatment. Thus, the aim of the present study was to reveal differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice seedlings treated with barnyard grass exudates to identify target allelopathy genes.ResultsThe inhibitory effect of the culture solutions on the allelopathic rice accession PI312777 (PI) and the non-allelopathic rice accession Lemont (LE) significantly increased (P < 0.05) after treatment with barnyard grass root exudates. The RNA sequencing results revealed that 14,891 genes in PI(+B) vs. LE(+B), 12,505 genes in PI(+B) vs. PI(-B), and 5857 genes in LE(+B) vs. LE(-B) were differentially expressed following root exudates treatment. These DEGs were classified into three categories and 32 functional groups, i.e., 12 groups in the biological process category, 12 groups in the cellular component category, and eight groups in the molecular function category. There were 5857 and 2846 upregulated genes and 135 and 50 upregulated Gene Ontology terms (P < 0.05) in the biological process category in PI(+B) vs. PI(-B) and LE(+B) vs. LE(-B), respectively. These results indicated that the allelopathic accession PI is more sensitive than the non-allelopathic accession LE to exogenous root exudates treatment. Genes related to rice allelochemical-related biosynthesis pathways, particularly the shikimic acid and acetic acid pathways, were significantly differentially expressed in both rice accessions. These findings suggested that phenolic acids, fatty acids, and flavonoids, which constitute the downstream metabolites of the shikimic acid and acetic acid pathways, are significantly expressed in response to root exudates of barnyard grass.ConclusionsThe allelopathic potential of both rice accessions could be significantly enhanced by barnyard grass root exudates application. Furthermore, genes related to the biosynthesis pathways of reported rice allelochemicals were significantly differentially expressed in both accessions. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase was determined to be a potential target for the regulation of chemical induction.

Project description:BackgroundPhosphorus (P) is an important in ensuring plant morphogenesis and grain quality, therefore an efficient root system is crucial for P-uptake. Identification of useful loci for root morphological and P uptake related traits at seedling stage is important for wheat breeding. The aims of this study were to evaluate phenotypic diversity of Yangmai 16/Zhongmai 895 derived doubled haploid (DH) population for root system architecture (RSA) and biomass related traits (BRT) in different P treatments at seedling stage using hydroponic culture, and to identify QTL using 660 K SNP array based high-density genetic map.ResultsAll traits showed significant variations among the DH lines with high heritabilities (0.76 to 0.91) and high correlations (r = 0.59 to 0.98) among all traits. Inclusive composite interval mapping (ICIM) identified 34 QTL with 4.64-20.41% of the phenotypic variances individually, and the log of odds (LOD) values ranging from 2.59 to 10.43. Seven QTL clusters (C1 to C7) were mapped on chromosomes 3DL, 4BS, 4DS, 6BL, 7AS, 7AL and 7BL, cluster C5 on chromosome 7AS (AX-109955164 - AX-109445593) with pleiotropic effect played key role in modulating root length (RL), root tips number (RTN) and root surface area (ROSA) under low P condition, with the favorable allele from Zhongmai 895.ConclusionsThis study carried out an imaging pipeline-based rapid phenotyping of RSA and BRT traits in hydroponic culture. It is an efficient approach for screening of large populations under different nutrient conditions. Four QTL on chromosomes 6BL (2) and 7AL (2) identified in low P treatment showed positive additive effects contributed by Zhongmai 895, indicating that Zhongmai 895 could be used as parent for P-deficient breeding. The most stable QTL QRRS.caas-4DS for ratio of root to shoot dry weight (RRS) harbored the stable genetic region with high phenotypic effect, and QTL clusters on 7A might be used for speedy selection of genotypes for P-uptake. SNPs closely linked to QTLs and clusters could be used to improve nutrient-use efficiency.

Project description:BackgroundAllelopathic rice releases allelochemicals through its root systems, thereby exerting a negative effect on paddy weeds. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between fine-root traits and the rice allelopathic potential at the seedling stage.MethodsTwo allelopathic rice cultivars, 'PI312777' and 'Taichung Native1,' and one non-allelopathic rice cultivar, 'Lemont,' were grown to the 3-6 leaf stage in a hydroponic system. Their fine roots were collected for morphological trait (root length, root surface area, root volume, and root tips number) in smaller diameter cutoffs and proliferative trait (root biomass) analysis. Their root-exudates were used for quantitative analysis of phenolic acids contents and an evaluation of allelopathic potential. Correlation analysis was also used to assess whether any linear relationships existed.ResultsOur results showed that allelopathic rice cultivars had significantly higher fine-root length having diameters <0.2 mm, more root tips number, and greater root biomass, coupled with higher allelopathic potential and phenolic acid contents of their root exudates, comparing with non-allelopathic rice cultivar. These fine-root traits were significantly-positively correlated to allelopathic inhibition and total phenolic contents in rice root-exudates. However, there were not significant correlations among the rice allelopathic potential and total phenolic acid contents of rice root-exudates with the root length, root surface area, and root volume of fine root in diameter >0.2 mm.DiscussionOur results implied that fine-root traits appears to be important in understanding rice allelopathy at the seedling stage. The high allelopathic potential of rice cultivars might be attributed to their higher length of fine roots <0.2 mm in diameter and more number of root tips of fine root, which could accumulate and release more allelochemicals to solutions, thereby resulting in high inhibition on target plants. The mechanisms regulating this process need to be further studied.

Dataset Information

An Allelopathic Role for Garlic Root Exudates in the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber in a Hydroponic Co-Culture System.

Publications

An Allelopathic Role for Garlic Root Exudates in the Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cucumber in a Hydroponic Co-Culture System.

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