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Assessment and validation of spot urine in estimating the 24-h urinary sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio in Chinese adults.

ABSTRACT: The commonly used methods of estimating the 24-h urinary sodium (UNa) and urinary potassium (UK) from spot urine (SU) are the Kawasaki method (K-method), INTERSALT method (I-method), and Tanaka method (T-method), but the method that is suitable for use in the general Chinese population is still uncertain. We aimed to assess and validate these methods in estimating the 24-h UNa and UK using SU samples in Chinese adults. We studied 1428 individuals aged 18-69 years using SU and 24-h urine samples. For the K-method, I-method, and T-method, the Pearson correlation coefficients of the 24-h UNa were 0.35, 0.35, and 0.33 (all p < 0.01), and the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.34, 0.26, and 0.26 (all p < 0.01), respectively. The estimated 24-h UK using the K-method and T-method had correlation coefficients of 0.36 and 0.39 (all p < 0.01) and ICCs of 0.31 and 0.27 (all p < 0.01). The mean bias for the K-method in estimating the 24-h UNa and UK were the least biased among these methods. The bias between the 24-h urine Na/K ratio and the spot urinary Na/K ratio by the Bland-Altman method was -0.22. These methods for estimating the 24-h UNa and UK from SU were inadequate at the population level in Zhejiang Province, although the K-method showed the least bias among these methods. The spot urine Na/K ratio may be a useful and alternative method for 24-h urine collection for the estimation of the urinary Na/K ratio in the Chinese population.

SUBMITTER: Xu J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7027967 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background24-h urine collections are the suggested method to measure daily urinary potassium excretion (uK) but are costly and burdensome to implement.ObjectiveThis study tested how well existing equations with the use of spot urine samples can estimate 24-h uK and if accuracy varies by timing of spot urine collection, age, race, or sex.DesignThis cross-sectional study used data from 407 participants aged 18-39 y from the Washington, DC area in 2011 and 554 participants aged 45-79 y from Chicago in 2013. Spot urine samples were collected in individual containers for 24 h, and 1 for each timed period (morning, afternoon, evening, and overnight) was selected. For each selected timed spot urine, 24-h uK was predicted through the use of published equations. Difference (bias) between predicted and measured 24-h uK was calculated for each timed period and within age, race, and sex subgroups. Individual-level differences were assessed through the use of Bland-Altman plots and correlation tests.ResultsFor all equations, regardless of the timing of spot urine, mean bias was usually significantly different than 0. No one prediction equation was unbiased across all sex, race, and age subgroups. With the use of the Kawasaki and Tanaka equations, 24-h uK was overestimated at low levels and underestimated at high levels, whereas observed differential bias with the Mage equation was in the opposite direction. Depending on prediction equation and timing of urine sample, 61-75% of individual 24-h uKs were misclassified among 500-mg incremental categories from <1500 to ≥3000 mg. Correlations between predicted and measured 24-h uK were poor to moderate (0.19-0.71).ConclusionBecause predicted 24-h uK accuracy varies by timing of spot urine collection, published prediction equations, and within age-race-sex subgroups, study results making use of predicted 24-h uK in association with health outcomes should be interpreted with caution. It is possible that a more accurate prediction equation can be developed leading to different results.

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Assessment and validation of spot urine in estimating the 24-h urinary sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio in Chinese adults.

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