Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Xu S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7035255 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Fecal bacteria and metabolite responses to dietary lysozyme in a sow model from late gestation until lactation.
Xu Shengyu S Shi Jiankai J Dong Yanpeng Y Li Zimei Z Wu Xiaoling X Lin Yan Y Che Lianqiang L Li Jian J Feng Bin B Fang Zhengfeng Z Zhuo Yong Y Wang Jianping J Wu De Ren Zhihua Z Shen Yanping Y
Scientific reports 20200221 1
Lysozyme (LZM) is a natural anti-bacterial protein that is found in the saliva, tears and milk of all mammals including humans. Its anti-bacterial properties result from the ability to cleave bacterial cell walls, causing bacterial death. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary LZM on fecal microbial composition and variation in metabolites in sow. The addition of LZM decreased the fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Zonulin and endotoxin in the serum, and feces, ...[more]
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Project description:This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lysozyme (LZM) supplementation on the vaginal microbiota, as well as the relationship between vaginal microbiota and the fecal microbiota of rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. A total of 60 Yorkshire × Landrace sows (3-6 of parity) were arranged from day 85 of gestation to the end of lactation in a completely randomized design with three treatments (control diet, control diet + lysozyme 150 mg/kg, control diet + lysozyme 300 mg/kg). The results showed that sows fed with lysozyme increased serum interleukin-10 (IL-10, p < 0.05) on day 7 of lactation. The vaginal microbiota varied at different taxonomic levels with LZM supplementation by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The most representative changes included a decrease in Tenericutes, Streptococcus, Bacillus and increase in Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus (p < 0.05). There were 777 OTUs existing in both, vaginal and fecal microbiota. The addition of LZM also decreased the abundance of Tenericutes (p < 0.05) in the vagina and feces. The changes in the microbiota were correlated in some cases positively with the performance of the sow, for example, Bacillus in feces was positively correlated with the neonatal weight (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the addition of lysozyme to the diet of sow during perinatal period promote the change of vaginal bacterial community after farrowing. The variations in vaginal microbiota are also associated with the changes in the fecal microbiology of the rectum and the reproductive performance of the sow. Therefore, it is concluded that dietary supplementation with lysozyme in sows in late gestation stage until early lactation, is beneficial to establish vaginal microbiota that seems to promote maternal health and reproductive performance.
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Project description:This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with 2 sources of fiber, sugar beet pulp (SBP), and wheat bran (WB), on sow performance, milk quality, and intestinal health in piglets. Forty-five multiparous sows at day 85 of gestation were allocated to the following 3 treatments: 1) a corn-soybean meal basal diet (CON); 2) the CON diet supplemented with 20% SBP in gestation and 10% SBP in lactation (SBP); and 3) the CON diet supplemented with 30% WB in gestation and 15% WB in lactation (WB). The SBP diets increased (P < 0.05) sow ADFI during lactation, litter and piglet weaning weight, piglet ADG, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in the colostrum and IgA levels in the milk, while the WB diets only increased (P < 0.05) IL-10 levels in the milk when compared with the CON diets. Piglets from SBP-fed sows had greater (P < 0.05) serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels than those from WB-fed or CON-fed sows, whereas piglets from WB-fed sows had greater (P < 0.05) serum GH levels than those from CON-fed sows. Serum diamine oxidase activity, endotoxin, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were reduced (P < 0.05) in piglets from SBP-fed or WB-fed sows. Piglets from SBP-fed sows also had greater (P < 0.05) serum IL-10 levels than those from CON-fed sows. The ileal mRNA expression of TNF-α was reduced (P < 0.05) in piglets from SBP-fed or WB-fed sows. Piglets from SBP-fed sows had lower (P < 0.05) IL-6 expression, and greater (P < 0.05) IL-10 expression and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in the ileum than those from WB- or CON-fed sows. Piglets from WB-fed sows had greater (P < 0.05) IL-10 expression and SIgA levels compared with those from CON-fed sows. The ileal mRNA expression of occludin in the ileum was greater (P < 0.05) in piglets from SBP-fed sows than those from CON-fed sows. The ileal mRNA expression of ZO-1 was greater (P < 0.05) in piglets from WB-fed sows than those from CON-fed sows, but lower (P < 0.05) than those from SBP-fed sows. Piglets from SBP-fed sows had greater (P < 0.05) abundance of Christensenellaceae and butyrate levels in the colon, while piglets from WB-fed sows had greater (P < 0.05) abundance of Lactobacillaceae. Collectively, maternal SBP supplementation was more effective than WB in improving milk quality, enhancing growth performance and intestinal barrier function, and ameliorating intestinal inflammation in piglets.
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Project description:Feeding probiotics like live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (SB) in pig diets has been suggested to preserve health and reduce antibiotic use during critical periods like weaning. This study was conducted to determine whether SB added to the diet of sows during the last 2 mo of gestation and the 4 wk of lactation may contribute to support the health and performance of piglets before and after weaning through changes in sow physiology, milk composition, and fecal microbiota. Crossbred sows (n = 45) from parity 1 to 9 were allocated to two dietary treatments: Control (n = 23) and SB (n = 22). Sows in the SB group were fed the same standard gestation and then lactation diet as the Control sows but with the addition of SB at 1 × 109 colony-forming units/kg of feed. Piglets were weaned under challenging conditions consisting of mixing of litters, no pen cleaning, and a 2-h period of nonoptimal temperature exposure. Blood and feces were collected from sows on days 28 and 113 of gestation and days 6 (feces only) and 28 of lactation, and from piglets on days 6 (feces) and 28 of lactation and day 5 after weaning. Colostrum was collected during parturition and milk on day 6 of lactation. Supplementation of sow diets with SB influenced the fecal microbiota of the sows and their piglets. Five days after weaning, the alpha-diversity was lower (P < 0.05) in piglets from SB sows than in piglets from Control sows. Analysis of microbiota with partial least square discriminant analysis discriminated feces from SB sows from that of Control sows at 110 d of gestation (29.4% error rate). Piglet feces could also be discriminated according to the diet of their mother, with a better discrimination early after birth (day 6 of lactation) than after weaning (day 5 postweaning, 3.4% vs. 12.7% error rate). Five days after weaning, piglets had greater white blood cell count, plasma haptoglobin concentration, and oxidative stress than before weaning (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, SB supplementation in sow diets had no effect (P > 0.05) on most of health criteria measured in blood and growth performance of piglets during lactation and the postweaning period. Moreover, dietary supplementation of SB to sows did not elicit any changes (P > 0.05) in their reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, nor in the concentration of immunoglobulins and nutrients in colostrum and milk. In the present experimental conditions, feeding SB to sows influenced sow and piglet microbiota with no consequences on their health and performance.
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Project description:This study investigated the effects of supplementing sow diets with lysozyme during the late gestation to lactation stage on the performance of sows and their offspring. Sixty sows (Yorkshire × Landrace, 3 to 6 of parity) at day 85 of gestation were allocated to the following 3 dietary treatments: 1) sows fed a basal diet from late gestation to lactation (control, n = 20), 2) sows fed a basal diet with lysozyme 150 g/t (LZM 150, n = 20), and 3) sows fed a basal diet with lysozyme 300 g/t (LZM 300, n = 20). During the lactation period, sows fed diets containing lysozyme had increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.01) and decreased weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI, P < 0.05), but there were no significant effects on backfat during the trial among treatments. Sows fed lysozyme diets had increased (P < 0.05) serum concentration of total protein (TP) compared with those fed the control diets. Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) of the sows increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 of lactation, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased (P < 0.05) on day 7 of lactation, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) had a tendency to increase (P = 0.05) during the lactation. Milk concentration of IgA increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 and 7 of lactation and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) on day 21 of lactation. No significant differences among the dietary treatments were observed in placental tissue mRNA expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), or the concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, or secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Moreover, there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in stillborn in sows fed lysozyme diets. The diarrhea rate decreased (P < 0.05) and serum concentrations of IgA, IgG, IgM, and IL-10 increased (P < 0.05) in piglets from sows fed the diets containing lysozyme compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. The serum concentrations of TP increased (P < 0.05), and albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLB) had a tendency to increase (P = 0.08, P = 0.06) in piglets from sows fed the diets containing lysozyme compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, this study indicates that feeding sows diets supplemented with lysozyme from the late gestation through lactation stage increased sow ADFI during the lactation, shortened the WEI, and improved the maternal and offspring health status as indicated by immunological characteristics and a reduced incidence of diarrhea in piglets.
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Project description:The goal of this project was to determine the effects of domperidone given throughout lactation on hormonal and metabolic status, lactational performance, and gene expression in mammary epithelial cells of sows. Second parity sows were divided in two treatment groups: 1) daily intramuscular injections with canola oil (Control, CTL, n = 24), or 2) daily intramuscular injections with 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) of domperidone (DOMP, n = 23). Injections were given at 08h05 starting the day after farrowing until weaning. Over the first 4 d of treatment, DOMP sows also received 0.5 mg/kg BW of domperidone per os twice daily, whereas CTL sows were fed the vehicle. Litter size was standardized to 11 ± 1 within 24 h of birth and piglets were weighed at birth, 24 h postpartum, and on days 7, 22 (weaning on day 23), 35, and 56. Sow feed intake was recorded daily. Representative milk samples were obtained aseptically on day 21 of lactation from 15 sows per treatment for compositional analyses and milk fat globules were used to measure mRNA abundances of various genes. Jugular blood samples were obtained from all sows on days 2, 8, 16, and 23 of lactation to measure concentrations of prolactin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, urea, and free fatty acids (FFA). Concentrations of prolactin (P < 0.001) and FFA (P < 0.01) were increased in DOMP compared with CTL sows, whereas concentrations of insulin were decreased (P < 0.05). Urea concentrations were increased by treatment (P < 0.05) on days 16 and 23 of lactation, and those of IGF-1 were increased (P < 0.01) on day 16. Piglets from DOMP sows were heavier than those from CTL sows on day 22 (P < 0.01). Milk composition was unaffected by treatment. The mRNA abundance in milk fat globules for casein beta and whey acidic protein were lower (P ≤ 0.05) in DOMP than CTL sows. The long form of the prolactin receptor and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A mRNA abundances tended to be lower (P < 0.10) in DOMP than CTL sows. In conclusion, hyperprolactinemia induced by domperidone during lactation affected the endocrine and metabolite status of sows and stimulated growth of their suckling piglets.
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Project description:In this study, the effects of maternal energy sources during late gestation and lactation on the performance, glucolipid metabolism, and oxidative status of sows and their offspring were investigated using a total of 75 (2 to 6 of parity) Landrace × Large White sows at day 85 of gestation under 3 different dietary treatments: SO diet (basal diet plus 3.0% and 5.0% soybean oil during late gestation and lactation, respectively), FO diet (basal diet plus 3.0%/5.0% fish oil during late gestation and lactation, respectively), and CS diet (basal diet plus 32%/42% corn starch during late gestation and lactation, respectively). All the 3 groups showed no obvious differences (P > 0.05) in the number of total piglets born, born alive, after cross-fostering, and at weaning, whereas the CS group exhibited a shorter farrowing duration (P < 0.05) and lower stillbirth rate (P < 0.05) when compared with the SO group. In addition, litter weight at birth was significantly higher in the CS group than in the SO or FO group (P < 0.05). Despite no notable differences in the ADG of suckling piglets among dietary treatments (P > 0.05), the CS group had greater feed intake than the SO group during the lactation period (P < 0.05). In neonatal piglets with normal birth weight (NBW, 1.3 to 1.5 kg), the CS group was lower than the SO group in the content of liver glycogen (P < 0.05) and the mRNA abundances of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid-binding protein 1, and acyl-CoA oxidase (P < 0.05). Interestingly, compared with the SO group, the FO group had a lower preweaning mortality rate (P < 0.05), but greater liver glycogen pools (P < 0.05) in neonatal piglets with low birth weight (LBW, <1.1 kg). Compared with the CS group, the FO group showed an increase in the plasma malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05) of sows, as well as an increase of 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine (P < 0.05) and a decrease of ferric reducing ability of plasma (P < 0.05) in NBW piglets. Overall, the diet rich in starch decreased the stillbirth rate and increased the litter weight of neonatal piglets, the dietary supplementation with fish oil decreased preweaning mortality rate, and the diet with a low n6:n3 ratio increased the oxidative status of sows and their offspring.
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Project description:To improve the overall welfare levels of sows and to reduce stress levels at late 35-day lactation, we selected targeted behavioral indicators that might be associated with stress. Therefore, we monitored and evaluated the adaptive capability of two different breeds of sows to the farrowing environment. In this study, Damin sows (Large White × Min pig sows, n = 20) and Large White sows (n = 20) were farrowed in individual pens. Saliva was collected and tested for cortisol density at -15 min, and then at +15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test conducted at 20, 27 and 34 d post-partum. The postures, including ventral and lateral recumbency to other postures, defecating, urinating, sham-chewing and bar-biting behavior, were observed by video from 07:00 to 09:00 and from 13:00 to 15:00 on the 7th day of each week from the 3rd to the 5th week post-parturition. In addition, the concentrations of salivary interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-? and secretory immunoglobulin (SIgA) were assayed after the observed behaviors. The results showed no significant difference between Damin sows and Large White sows in terms of behaviors at the 3rd week. Additionally, there were no significant differences between Damin and Large White sows in terms of the behaviors of ventral recumbency and bar-biting with the exception of lateral recumbency to other postures, sham-chewing, defecation and urination in the fifth week. Meanwhlie, there was significant difference between two breeds in term of ventral recumbency at the 4th week. The result of the ACTH test showed a significant difference between the Damin and Large White sows by the 27th and 34th days postpartum (P<0.01). In addition, the serological concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-? were not significantly different between the two breeds at the 3rd week postpartum. However, these indicators were significantly different at the 5th week postpartum (P = 0.000, and P = 0.003, respectively). The SIgA concentrations in saliva were significantly different between breeds at the 3rd week postpartum (P<0.01). In conclusion, both breeds of sows maybe in a state of stress after the 4th week postpartum. However, the Damin sows may be better than the Large White sows in terms of adapting to this farrowing environment.
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Project description:The study was conducted to investigate the effects of maternal supplementation with rare earth elements (REEs) on sows and their offspring. During late gestation, 120 multiparous sows were divided randomly into the control group (Basal diet) and REE-G group (Basal diet supplemented with 200 mg REE/kg). After delivery, REE-G group was further divided into two groups: REE-L- (Change to basal diet during lactation) and REE-L+ group (REE diet all the time). Our results showed that maternal REE supplementation improved the antioxidant and immunity of sows and piglets. Additionally, REE supply during late gestation significantly decreased the coefficient of within-litter variation (CV) in birth weight and increased the weaning weights and the average daily gain (ADG) of piglets. During lactation, the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in piglets of REE-L+ group were higher, while no difference between REE-L- and the control group. More beneficial bacteria (Christensenellaceae and Ruminococcaceae) were found in the REE-L+ group while some opportunistic pathogens (Proteobacteria and Campylobacter) were relatively suppressed. Fecal microbiota showed correlation with antioxidase, inflammatory factors, and average daily gain (ADG). Collectively, our findings indicated that REEs added in both gestation and lactation was more conducive to establish a healthier status for sows and their offspring.
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Project description:Increased metabolic burdens in breeding sows, which are induced by elevated systemic oxidative stress, could increase the need for nucleotides to repair lymphocyte DNA damage; however, de novo synthesis of nucleotides may be insufficient to cover this increased need. This study investigated the effects of dietary nucleotides on milk composition, oxidative stress status, and the reproductive and lactational performance of sows. Forty multiparous sows were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (Control group, and 1 g/kg Nucleotides group) based on a randomized complete block design using their BW at 85 d of gestation as a block. Sows from 2 groups were fed a restricted diet during gestation and ad libitum during lactation. The experiment lasted from 85 d of gestation to 21 d of lactation. The reproductive performance of sows and the growth performance of suckling piglets were measured. Oxidative stress parameters and milk components were also analysed. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sows in the Nucleotides group consumed more feed during the first week (P < 0.01) and from 1 to 21 d (P < 0.05) of lactation than those in Control group. Correspondingly, the litter weight gain of piglets showed a tendency to increase from cross-fostering to 9 d (P = 0.09) and from cross-fostering to 20 d (P = 0.10) in the Nucleotides group relative to the Control group. Additionally, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the concentrations of uridine 5'monophosphate, guanosine 5'monophosphate, inosine 5'monophosphate, adenosine 5'monophosphate and total nucleotides in milk. Furthermore, the Nucleotides group was higher (P < 0.01) than the Control group in the serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.01) for sows at 109 d of gestation and glutathione peroxidase for weaning piglets, but lower at the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (P < 0.05) in serum of weaning piglets. This study indicated that maternal dietary nucleotides could promote piglet growth, probably due to the higher lactational feed intake and higher concentration of nucleotides in the milk of sows, and lower oxidative stress for both sows and piglets.
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