Dataset Information

Alcohol Outlet Density and Deprivation in Six Towns in Bergrivier Municipality before and after Legislative Restrictions.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. In 2016, after the Western Cape Liquor Act was enacted, alcohol outlets were mapped in the six towns from a previous 2008 study to determine: (1) alcohol outlet density; (2) the association between deprivation and alcohol outlet density; (3) geospatial trends of alcohol outlet densities; and (4) the impact of alcohol legislation. Methods. Latitude and longitude coordinates were collected of legal and illegal alcohol outlets, and alcohol outlet density was calculated for legal, illegal and total alcohol outlets by km2 and per 1000 persons. To determine the impact of legislation, t-tests and hot spot analyses were calculated for both 2008 and 2016 studies. Spearman coefficients estimated the relationship between alcohol outlet density and deprivation. Results. Although not statistically significant, the number of alcohol outlets and the density per 1000 population declined by about 12% and 34%, respectively. Illegal outlets were still more likely to be located in more deprived areas, and legal outlets in less deprived areas; and a reduction or addition of a few outlets can change a town's hot spot status. Conclusions. Further studies with larger sample sizes might help to clarify the impacts of the Liquor Act, and the more recent 2017 Alcohol-Related Harms Reduction Policy on alcohol outlet density in the province.

SUBMITTER: Bowers Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7037425 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Alcohol Outlet Density and Deprivation in Six Towns in Bergrivier Municipality before and after Legislative Restrictions.

Bowers Yasmin Y Davids Adlai A London Leslie L

International journal of environmental research and public health 20200121 3

<b>Introduction</b>. In 2016, after the Western Cape Liquor Act was enacted, alcohol outlets were mapped in the six towns from a previous 2008 study to determine: (1) alcohol outlet density; (2) the association between deprivation and alcohol outlet density; (3) geospatial trends of alcohol outlet densities; and (4) the impact of alcohol legislation. <b>Methods</b>. Latitude and longitude coordinates were collected of legal and illegal alcohol outlets, and alcohol outlet density was calculated f ...[more]

PMID: 31973145

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Project description:BackgroundRestrictive practices on alcohol sales in entertainment districts have been introduced to reduce alcohol-related violence in youth. On 1st July 2016, the Queensland State Government (Australia) imposed a 2-hour reduction in trading hours for alcohol sales in venues within specific night-time entertainment districts (NEDS; from 5am to 3am), a reduction in maximum trading hours for venues outside NEDs (with a maximum 2am closing time), the banning of 'rapid intoxication drinks' (e.g. shots) after 12am, and no new approvals for trading hours beyond 10pm for the sale of takeaway alcohol. No independent study has evaluated general levels of intoxication, crowd numbers, fear of violence, and illicit substance use as people enter and exit NEDS, both before and after the introduction of restrictive legislation. Further, no study has assessed the impact using matched times of the year in a controlled study and also assessed actual assault rates as recorded by the police.MethodWe conducted 3 studies-randomly breath-testing patrons for alcohol, as they entered and exited NEDs. Study 1 assessed patrons' (n = 807) breath approximated blood alcohol concentration (BrAC) and predictions of how the legislation would change their drinking habits before the legislation was enacted. Study 2 assessed crime statistics and patrons' BrAC levels and drug taking reports on an equivalent night, one year apart-before (n = 497) and after (n = 406) the new legislation. Study 3 was a test of the generalisation of Study 2 with two months of survey and BrAC data collected as people entered and exited the NEDs over two consecutive years before (n = 652 and n = 155) and one year after (n = 460) the new legislation. In Study 3 we also collected crime statistics and data on people leaving the entertainment district one year before (n = 502) and one year after (n = 514) the legislative change.FindingsPeople predicted that the legislation would lead to them drinking more alcohol before they entered town or make little change to their drinking habits. Baseline data over the 2 years before the legislation (Study 3) demonstrated stable preloading rates and BrAC at entry to the NEDs. However, after the introduction of the legislation patrons entered the NEDs systematically later and increased their alcohol preloading. People were substantially more inebriated as they entered the NEDs after the legislative change, with approximately 50% fewer people not preloading after the new laws. Exit BrAC was less consistent but showed some evidence of an increase. Crime statistics and patrons' self-reported experiences of violence did not change.InterpretationLegislation that does not specifically adapt to the cultural shift of preloading and take local conditions into account will be unsuccessful in reducing alcohol consumption. Such legislation is unlikely to meaningfully change assault rates in youth.

Project description:Background and aimsExcessive alcohol consumption has a substantial impact on public health services. A key element determining alcohol availability is alcohol outlet density. This study investigated the relationship between on-trade and off-trade outlets and hospital admission rates in local neighbourhoods.DesignNational small-area level ecological study.Setting and participantsAll 32 482 lower layer super output census areas (LSOAs) in England (42 227 108 million people aged 15+ years). Densities for six outlet categories (outlets within a 1-km radius of residential postcode centroids, averaged for all postcodes within each LSOA) were calculated.MeasurementsMain outcome measures were admissions due to acute or chronic conditions wholly or partially attributable to alcohol consumption from 2002/03 to 2013/14.FindingsThere were 1 007 137 admissions wholly, and 2 153 874 admissions partially, attributable to alcohol over 12 years. After adjustment for confounding, higher densities of on-trade outlets (pubs, bars and nightclubs; restaurants licensed to sell alcohol; other on-trade outlets) and convenience stores were associated with higher admission rate ratios for acute and chronic wholly attributable conditions. For acute wholly attributable conditions, admission rate ratios were 13% (95% confidence interval = 11-15%), 9% (7-10%), 12% (10-14%) and 10% (9-12%) higher, respectively, in the highest relative to the lowest density categories by quartile. For chronic wholly attributable conditions, rate ratios were 22% (21-24%), 9% (7-11%), 19% (17-21%) and 7% (6-9%) higher, respectively. Supermarket density was associated with modestly higher acute and chronic admissions but other off-trade outlet density was associated only with higher admissions for chronic wholly attributable conditions. For partially attributable conditions, there were no strong patterns of association with outlet densities.ConclusionsIn England, higher densities of several categories of alcohol outlets appear to be associated with higher hospital admission rates for conditions wholly attributable to alcohol consumption.

Project description:ImportancePeople with psychosis are more likely to be born and live in densely populated and socioeconomically deprived environments, but it is unclear whether these associations are a cause or consequence of disorder.ObjectiveTo investigate whether trajectories of exposure to deprivation and population density before and after diagnosis are associated with psychotic disorders or nonpsychotic bipolar disorder.Design, setting, and participantsThis nested case-control study included all individuals born in Sweden between January 1, 1982, and December 31, 2001, diagnosed for the first time with an International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) psychotic disorder or nonpsychotic bipolar disorder between their 15th birthday and cohort exit (December 31, 2016). One sex- and birth year-matched control participant per case was selected. Data analysis was performed from July 2021 to June 2023.ExposuresThe main exposures were quintiles of neighborhood-level deprivation and population density each year from birth to age 14 years and from first diagnosis until cohort exit.Main outcomes and measuresThe main outcomes were the odds of a serious mental illness outcome associated with trajectories of deprivation and population density, before and after diagnosis in cases. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to derive trajectories of each exposure in each period. Logistic regression was used to examine associations with outcomes.ResultsA total of 53 458 individuals (median [IQR] age at diagnosis in case patients, 23.2 [15.0-34.8] years; 30 746 [57.5%] female), including 26 729 case patients and 26 729 control participants, were studied. From birth to early adolescence, gradients were observed in exposure to deprivation and population density trajectories during upbringing and psychotic disorder, with those in the most vs least deprived (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.28) and most vs least densely populated (AOR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.34-1.66) trajectories at greatest risk. A strong upward mobility trajectory to less deprived neighborhoods was associated with similar risk to living in the least deprived trajectory (AOR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91-1.12). Only 543 case patients (2.0%) drifted into more deprived areas after diagnosis; people with psychotic disorder were more likely to belong to this trajectory (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.16-1.65) or remain in the most deprived trajectory (AOR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.24-1.48) relative to controls. Patterns were similar for nonpsychotic bipolar disorder and deprivation but weaker for population density.Conclusions and relevanceIn this case-control study, greater exposure to deprivation during upbringing was associated with increased risk of serious mental illness, but upward mobility mitigated this association. People with serious mental illness disproportionately remained living in more deprived areas after diagnosis, highlighting issues of social immobility. Prevention and treatment should be proportionately located in deprived areas according to need.

Dataset Information

Alcohol Outlet Density and Deprivation in Six Towns in Bergrivier Municipality before and after Legislative Restrictions.

Publications

Alcohol Outlet Density and Deprivation in Six Towns in Bergrivier Municipality before and after Legislative Restrictions.

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