Low birth weight and PM2.5 in Puerto Rico.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Kirwa K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7039618 | biostudies-literature | 2019 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
Low birth weight and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Puerto Rico.
Kirwa Kipruto K McConnell-Rios Rafael R Manjourides Justin J Cordero J J Alshawabekeh A A Suh Helen H HH
Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 20190801 4
<h4>Background</h4>Low birth weight (LBW) has been associated with adverse health outcomes across the lifespan. Among ethnic/racial minority populations, few studies have examined the association between LBW (<2,500 or ≥2,500 g) and prenatal exposure to air pollution, a key modifiable environmental risk factor.<h4>Methods</h4>We examined the association between LBW and prenatal exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> in a Hispanic and black population in Puerto Rico between 1999 and 2013, adjusting for ind ...[more]
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Project description:Background:Excessive gestational weight gain and rapid infancy weight gain (RIWG) are associated with increased susceptibility to childhood obesity. Since low-income and minority children are particularly at risk, investigation of the associations between gestational weight gain and rate of infancy weight gain may inform childhood obesity prevention. This study investigated the associations between gestational weight gain and rate of infancy weight gain during the first four to six months postpartum in participants from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Hawai'i and Puerto Rico. Methods:This was a cross-sectional secondary data analysis from a text message-based intervention in WIC participants in Hawai'i and Puerto Rico. The analysis included 80 mother/infant pairs from the control group who completed the follow-up visit when infants were four to six months old. Maternal weight, height, and gestational weight gain were self-reported. Infant weight was measured at baseline and follow-up. A proportional odds model was used to investigate the association between gestational weight gain and infancy weight gain rate (rapid or extremely rapid, on-track, or slow), adjusting for maternal age, pregravid body mass index (BMI) status, parity, and being up-to-date with infant vaccinations. Results:In comparison to recommended gestational weight gain, excessive and inadequate (under the recommended amount) gestational weight gain was associated with 77% decreased (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]?=?0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]?=?0.08, 0.70; p?=?0.01) and 71% decreased (AOR?=?0.29; 95% CI?=?0.09, 0.94; p?=?0.04) odds of RIWG versus on-track or slow infant weight gain, respectively. In comparison to women with one child, women with two children (AOR?=?0.31; 95% CI?=?0.11, 0.87; p?=?0.03) or three or four children (AOR?=?0.24; 95% CI?=?0.07, 0.88; p?=?0.03) had significantly lower odds of RIWG versus on-track or slow infancy weight gain. Conclusions:Women with excessive or inadequate gestational weight gain had lower proportional odds of RIWG and were more likely to have slower infant weight gain than women who gained the recommended amount of weight. Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier; NCT02903186; September 16, 2016.
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Project description:Puerto Ricans are a unique Hispanic population with European, Native American (Taino), and higher West African ancestral contributions than other non-Caribbean Hispanics. In admixed populations, such as Puerto Ricans, genetic variants can be found at different frequencies when compared to parental populations and uniquely combined and distributed. Therefore, in this review, we aimed to collect data from studies conducted in healthy Puerto Ricans and to report the frequencies of genetic polymorphisms with major relevance in drug response. Filtering for healthy volunteers or individuals, we performed a search of pharmacogenetic studies in academic literature databases without limiting the period of the results. The search was limited to Puerto Ricans living in the island, excluding those studies performed in mainland (United States). We found that the genetic markers impacting pharmacological therapy in the areas of cardiovascular, oncology, and neurology are the most frequently investigated. Coincidently, the top causes of mortality in the island are cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and stroke. In addition, polymorphisms in genes that encode for members of the CYP450 family (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) are also available due to their relevance in the metabolism of drugs. The complex genetic background of Puerto Ricans is responsible for the divergence in the reported allele frequencies when compared to parental populations (Africans, East Asians, and Europeans). The importance of reporting the findings of pharmacogenetic studies conducted in Puerto Ricans is to identify genetic variants with potential utility among this genetically complex population and eventually move forward the adoption of personalized medicine in the island.
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Project description:BackgroundPrevious studies on air pollutants and birth outcomes have reported inconsistent results. Chemical components of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) composition are spatially -heterogeneous, which might contribute to discrepancies across PM2.5 studies.ObjectivesWe explored whether birth weight at term is affected by PM2.5, PM10 (PM ≤ 10 µm), and gaseous pollutants.MethodsWe calculated exposures during gestation and each trimester for PM2.5 chemical components, PM10, PM2.5, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide for births in 2000-2007 for states in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic United States. Associations between exposures and risk of low birth weight (LBW) were adjusted by family and individual characteristics and region. Interaction terms were used to investigate whether risk differs by race or sex.ResultsSeveral PM2.5 chemical components were associated with LBW. Risk increased 4.9% (95% CI: 3.4, 6.5%), 4.7% (3.2, 6.2%), 5.7% (2.7, 8.8%), and 5.0% (3.1, 7.0%) per interquartile range increase of PM2.5 aluminum, elemental carbon, nickel, and titanium, respectively. Other PM2.5 chemical components and gaseous pollutants showed associations, but were not statistically significant in multipollutant models. The trimester associated with the highest relative risk differed among pollutants. Effect estimates for PM2.5 elemental carbon and nickel were higher for infants of white mothers than for those of African-American mothers, and for males than females.ConclusionsMost exposure levels in our study area were in compliance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency air pollution standards; however, we identified associations between PM2.5 components and LBW. Findings suggest that some PM2.5 components may be more harmful than others, and that some groups may be particularly susceptible.
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