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Identification and Characterization of Gonatobotryum apiculatum Causing Leaf Spot and Blight on Sinowilsonia henryi.

ABSTRACT: Sinowilsonia henryi is a rare and endangered plant, as well as an endemic species in China. In July 2018, leaf spot and blight disease was observed on S. henryi in Yichang, Hubei, China. A fungus isolated from disease tissues was identified as Gonatobotryum apiculatum based on morphology and sequence analyses of ITS and LSU regions. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the species belongs to Dothioraceae (Dothideales). Morphologically, the species produced two distinct types of conidia from authentic media, both conidia were described here. Pathogenicity tests showed that the fungus is a pathogen causing leaf spots on S. henryi. This is the first report of leaf spot and blight disease on S. henryi caused by G. apiculatum in China.

SUBMITTER: Gao Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7048172 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Foliar diseases of maize cause severe economic losses in India and around the world. The increasing severity of maize leaf blight (MLB) over the past ten years necessitates rigorous identification and characterization of MLB-causing pathogens from different maize production zones to ensure the success of resistance breeding programs and the selection of appropriate disease management strategies. Although Bipolaris maydis is the primary pathogen causing MLB in India, other related genera such as Curvularia, Drechslera, and Exserohilum, and a taxonomically distant genus, Alternaria, are known to infect maize in other countries. To investigate the diversity of pathogens associated with MLB in India, 350 symptomatic leaf samples were collected between 2016 and 2018, from 20 MLB hotspots in nine states representing six ecological zones where maize is grown in India. Twenty representative fungal isolates causing MLB symptoms were characterized based on cultural, pathogenic, and molecular variability. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) gene sequence-based phylogenies showed that the majority of isolates (13/20) were Bipolaris maydis. There were also two Curvularia papendorfii isolates, and one isolate each of Bipolaris zeicola, Curvularia siddiquii, Curvularia sporobolicola, an unknown Curvularia sp. isolate phylogenetically close to C. graminicola, and an Alternaria sp. isolate. The B. zeicola, the aforesaid four Curvularia species, and the Alternaria sp. are the first reports of these fungi causing MLB in India. Pathogenicity tests on maize plants showed that isolates identified as Curvularia spp. and Alternaria sp. generally caused more severe MLB symptoms than those identified as Bipolaris spp. The diversity of fungi causing MLB, types of lesions, and variation in disease severity by different isolates described in this study provide baseline information for further investigations on MLB disease distribution, diagnosis, and management in India.

Project description:BackgroundSpotted leaf mutants show typical necrotic lesions that appear spontaneously in the absence of any pathogen attack. These mutants are often characterized to exhibit programmed cell death (PCD) and activation of plant defense responses resulting in enhanced disease resistance to multiple pathogens. Here, we reported a novel spotted-leaf mutant, spl40 that showed enhanced disease resistance response.ResultsInitially lesions appeared at leaf tips during seedling stage and gradually covered the whole leaf at the tillering stage. The lesion development was light-dependent. spl40 showed obvious cell death at and around the lesion, and burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accompanied by disturbed ROS scavenging system. Photosynthetic capacity was compromised as evidenced by significant reductions in chlorophyll content, important photosynthesis parameters and downregulated expression of photosynthesis-related genes which ultimately led to poor performance of major agronomic traits. spl40 exhibited enhanced resistance to 14 out of 16 races of bacterial blight pathogen of rice, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, most probably though activation of SA and JA signaling pathways, owing to upregulated expression of SA and JA signaling genes, though the exact mechanism remain to be elucidated. The spotted-leaf phenotype was controlled by a novel single recessive nuclear gene. Genetic mapping combined with high throughput sequencing analysis identified Os05G0312000 as the most probable candidate gene. Sequencing of ORF revealed a single SNP change from C to T that resulted in non-synonymous change in amino acid residue from leucine to phenylalanine. Interestingly, the complementation plants did not display lesions before heading but showed lesions at the heading stage and the transgenic T1 progenies could be classified into 3 categories based on their lesion intensity, indicating the complex genetic nature of the spl40 mutation.ConclusionThe results obtained here clearly show that genes related to defense and PCD were upregulated in accordance with enhanced disease resistance and occurrence of PCD, whereas the photosynthetic capacity and overall ROS homeostasis was compromised in spl40. Our data suggest that a novel spotted-leaf mutant, spl40, would help to elucidate the mechanism behind lesion development involving programmed cell death and associated defense responses.

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Identification and Characterization of Gonatobotryum apiculatum Causing Leaf Spot and Blight on Sinowilsonia henryi.

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