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Supragingival mycobiome and inter-kingdom interactions in dental caries.

ABSTRACT: Background: Recent studies have reveled the presence of a complex fungal community (mycobiome) in the oral cavity. However, the role of oral mycobiome in dental caries and its interaction with caries-associated bacteria is not yet clear. Methods: Whole-mouth supragingival plaque samples from 30 children (6-10 years old) with no caries, early caries, or advanced caries were sequenced for internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2). The mycobiome profiles were correlated with previously published bacteriome counterparts. Interaction among selected fungal and bacterial species was assessed by co-culture or spent media experiments. Results: Fungal load was extremely low. Candida, Malassezia, Cryptococcus, and Trichoderma spp. were the most prevalent/abundant taxa. Advanced caries was associated with significantly higher fungal load and prevalence/abundance of Candida albicans. Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida sake were significantly over-abundant in early caries, while Malassezia globosa was significantly enriched in caries-free subjects. C. albicans correlated with Streptococcus mutans and Scardovia wiggsiae among other caries-associated bacteria, while M. globosa inversely correlated with caries-associated bacteria. In-vitro, M. globosa demonstrated inhibitory properties against S. mutans. Conclusions: the results substantiate the potential role of the oral mycobiome, primarily Candida species, in dental caries. Inter-kingdom correlations and inhibition of S. mutans by M. globosa are worth further investigation.

SUBMITTER: Baraniya D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7048226 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Supragingival mycobiome and inter-kingdom interactions in dental caries.

Baraniya Divyashri D Chen Tsute T Nahar Anubhav A Alakwaa Fadhl F Hill Jennifer J Tellez Marisol M Ismail Amid A Puri Sumant S Al-Hebshi Nezar Noor NN

Journal of oral microbiology 20200219 1

<b>Background</b>: Recent studies have reveled the presence of a complex fungal community (mycobiome) in the oral cavity. However, the role of oral mycobiome in dental caries and its interaction with caries-associated bacteria is not yet clear. <b>Methods</b>: Whole-mouth supragingival plaque samples from 30 children (6-10 years old) with no caries, early caries, or advanced caries were sequenced for internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2). The mycobiome profiles were correlated with previously pu ...[more]

PMID: 32158514

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Project description:Highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) has greatly reduced opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals. However, even with the use of HAART, HIV-infected individuals are still at an increased risk of oral diseases, including dental caries. Dental caries development is associated with microbial community shifts leading to community dysbiosis. HIV infection can significantly alter the bacteriome and mycobiome composition in the oral cavity; however, these impacts have not been assessed for caries initiation and progression. The aim of this study was to characterize the mycobiome for supragingival plaque samples from HIV-infected (HI), HIV-exposed-but-uninfected (HEU), and HIV-unexposed-and-uninfected (HUU) children with and without caries. To accomplish this, ITS1 amplicons of 127 samples were sequenced. We found that HIV infection and exposure resulted in changes to the supragingival plaque mycobiome for both health and caries. Overall, a reduction in community diversity as caries progressed was observed, with HI children having the lowest diversity and HEU children the highest. Candida albicans was the most abundant species identified, with 177 different amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Two C. albicans ASVs dominated the data (53.0% and 38.5% of all taxonomic assignments). The more frequent ASV dominated HI and HUU communities, whereas the second dominated HEU communities. HEU children also had the lowest abundance of C. albicans and the highest number of health-associated taxa (taxa statistically associated with caries-free teeth).IMPORTANCEGlobally, caries is among the most frequent chronic childhood disease, and the fungal component of the microbial community responsible is poorly studied despite evidence that fungi contribute to increased acid production exacerbating enamel demineralization. HIV infection is another global health crisis. Perinatal HIV exposure with infection are caries risk factors; however, the caries experience in the context of perinatal HIV exposure without infection is less clear. Using high-throughput amplicon sequencing, we find taxonomic differences that become pronounced during late-stage caries. Notably, we show a stronger correlation with health-associated taxa for HIV-exposed-but-uninfected children when compared to unexposed and uninfected children. This aligns with a lower incidence of caries in primary teeth at age 6 or less for exposed yet uninfected children. Ultimately, these findings could contribute to improved risk assessment, intervention, and prevention strategies such as biofilm disruption and the informed design of pro-, pre-, and synbiotic oral therapies.

Project description:Dental caries is one of the most common diseases worldwide. Bacteria and fungi are both commensals in the oral cavity; however, most research regarding caries has focused on bacterial impacts. The oral fungal mycobiome associated with caries is not well characterized, and its role in disease is unclear. ITS1 amplicon sequencing was used to generate taxonomic profiles from site-specific supragingival plaque samples (n = 82) obtained from 33 children with different caries status. Children were either caries free (CF), caries active with enamel lesions (CAE), or caries active with dentin lesions (CA). Plaque samples were collected from caries-free surfaces (PF) and from enamel (PE) and dentin (PD) lesions. Taxonomic profiles representing the different categorizations (CF-PF, CAE-PF, CAE-PE, CA-PF, CA-PE, and CA-PD) were used to characterize the mycobiome and its change through disease progression. A total of 139 fungal species were identified. Candida albicans was the most abundant species, followed by Candida dubliniensis We found that severely progressed plaque communities (CA-PD) were significantly different from healthy plaque communities (CF-PF). A total of 32 taxa were differentially abundant across the plaque categories. C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, Nigrospora oryzae, and an unclassified Microdochium sp. were correlated with caries, whereas 12 other taxa were correlated with health. C. dubliniensis increased steadily as caries progressed, suggesting that C. dubliniensis may play an important role in caries pathogenicity. In contrast, four health-associated fungal taxa have the potential to antagonize the cariogen Streptococcus mutans via xylitol production, suggesting a possible fungal mechanism that could contribute to maintenance of dental health.IMPORTANCE Early-childhood caries is one of the most prevalent diseases in children worldwide and, while preventable, remains a global public health concern. Untreated cavities are painful and expensive and can lead to tooth loss and a lower quality of life. Caries are driven by acid production via microbial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, resulting in enamel erosion. While caries is a well-studied disease, most research has focused on bacterial impacts, even though fungi are commensal organisms living within the plaque biofilm. There is very little known about how fungi impact caries pathogenicity. The elucidation of fungal taxa involved in caries disease progression is necessary for a more holistic view of the human oral microbiome. Data from this study will improve our understanding of how the fungal community changes as disease progresses and provide insight into the complex etiology of dental caries, which is necessary for the development of treatment plans and preventative measures.

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Supragingival mycobiome and inter-kingdom interactions in dental caries.

Publications

Supragingival mycobiome and inter-kingdom interactions in dental caries.

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