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Pesticide Residues in Eggplant Fruit from Khartoum State, Sudan.

ABSTRACT: Background:Eggplant is a popular food item in Sudan, however pesticides are heavily used. Objective:To investigate the presence of pesticide residues in fresh eggplants in Khartoum State, Sudan. Methods:Eggplant fruit samples from three different regions in Khartoum State (central vegetable market, east Nile farms, and west Nile farms) were analyzed for residues of commonly used pesticides. Pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and results were expressed in ?g/kg fruit. Results:Out of the 11 active ingredients analyzed, residues were identified for four pesticides (imidacloprid, dimethoate, endosulfan (? and ? isomers) and 2, 4-D). Levels of omethoate, diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos, atrazine, and pendimethalin were below the detection limits. Conclusions:Residues of four insecticides out of the 11 analyzed (imidacloprid, dimethoate, endosulfan (?, ? isomers), and 2, 4-D) were detected in the current study. The health implications of these violative levels should be regularly observed along with strict enforcement of laws and regulations coupled with agricultural extension interventions. Competing Interests:The authors declare no competing financial interests.

SUBMITTER: Abdelbagi AO

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7058141 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Pesticide Residues in Eggplant Fruit from Khartoum State, Sudan.

Abdelbagi Azhari Omer AO Ismail Rihab Eltahir Abdalla REA Ishag Abd Elaziz Sulieman Ahmed AESA Hammad Ahmed Mohammed Ali AMA

Journal of health & pollution 20200228 25

<h4>Background</h4>Eggplant is a popular food item in Sudan, however pesticides are heavily used.<h4>Objective</h4>To investigate the presence of pesticide residues in fresh eggplants in Khartoum State, Sudan.<h4>Methods</h4>Eggplant fruit samples from three different regions in Khartoum State (central vegetable market, east Nile farms, and west Nile farms) were analyzed for residues of commonly used pesticides. Pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometr ...[more]

PMID: 32175175

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Project description:Diarrheal disease is a major public health problem for children in developing countries. Knowledge of etiology that causes diarrheal illness is essential to implement public health measures to prevent and control this disease. Published studies regarding the situation of childhood diarrhea in Sudan is scanty. This study aims to investigate viral and bacterial etiology and related clinical and epidemiological factors in children with acute diarrhea in Khartoum State, Sudan. A total of 437 fecal samples were collected from hospitalized children <5 years old with acute diarrhea, viral and bacterial pathogens were investigated by using two-tube multiplex RT-PCR. The genotypes of adenovirus and bocavirus were determined by sequencing. Viral diarrhea was identified in 79 cases (62 single and 17 co-infections) (18%), and bacterial diarrhea in 49 cases (37 single and 12 co-infections) (11.2%). Mixed infections in both groups totaled 19 samples (4.3%) with more than one pathogen, they were viral co-infections (n = 7, 36.8%) bacterial co-infections (n = 2, 10.5%) and viral bacterial co-infection (n = 10, 52.6%). Rotavirus (10.2%) was predominantly detected, followed by norovirus G2 (4.0%), adenovirus (1.6%), bocavirus (1%), and norovirus G1 (0.9%). Infection with astrovirus was not detected in this study. The Shigella -Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) (8.9%) was the predominantly found bacterial pathogen, followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (0.9%), enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) -Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (0.6%) and Salmonella enteritidis (0.6%). V. cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni were not detected in this study. The phylogenetic tree identified adenovirus belonged to genotype 41 and bocavirus belonged to two different clades within human bocavirus 1. Our findings represent the first report that adenovirus 41 is a cause of diarrhea in Sudan and that human bocavirus 1 is the principal bocavirus strain circulating in Sudan. In conclusion, this is the first comprehensive report to elaborate the pathogen spectrum associated with childhood diarrhea in Khartoum State, Sudan. The results obtained in the present study highlighted the current epidemic situation, the diverse pathogens related to childhood diarrhea, and the importance and the urgency of taking appropriate intervention measures in Khartoum State, Sudan.

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Pesticide Residues in Eggplant Fruit from Khartoum State, Sudan.

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Pesticide Residues in Eggplant Fruit from Khartoum State, Sudan.

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