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TmSpz6 Is Essential for Regulating the Immune Response to Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in Tenebrio Molitor.

ABSTRACT: Spätzle is an extracellular protein that activates the Toll receptor during embryogenesis and immune responses in Drosophila. However, the functions of the spätzle proteins in the innate immune response against bacteria or fungi in T. molitor are not well understood. Therefore, in this study, the open reading frame (ORF) of TmSpz6 was identified and its function in the response to bacterial and fungal infections in T. molitor was investigated using RNAi. The highest expression of TmSpz6 was in prepupae and in 3- and 6- day-old pupae. While in other stages, remarkable expression was also observed. The tissue-specific expression analysis showed that TmSpz6 expression was highest in the hemocytes of larvae. TmSpz6 expression was highly induced when challenged with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Candida albicans at 6 h post-injection; however, TmSpz6-silenced larvae were significantly more susceptible to only E. coli and S. aureus infection. The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) gene expression analysis results show that TmSpz6 mainly positively regulated the expression of TmTencin-2 and -3 in response to E. coli and S. aureus infection. Collectively, these results suggest that TmSpz6 plays an important role in regulating AMP expression and increases the survival of T. molitor against E. coli and S. aureus.

SUBMITTER: Edosa TT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7074004 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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TmSpz6 Is Essential for Regulating the Immune Response to Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in Tenebrio Molitor.

Edosa Tariku Tesfaye TT Jo Yong Hun YH Keshavarz Maryam M Bae Young Min YM Kim Dong Hyun DH Lee Yong Seok YS Han Yeon Soo YS

Insects 20200205 2

Spätzle is an extracellular protein that activates the Toll receptor during embryogenesis and immune responses in Drosophila. However, the functions of the spätzle proteins in the innate immune response against bacteria or fungi in T. molitor are not well understood. Therefore, in this study, the open reading frame (ORF) of TmSpz6 was identified and its function in the response to bacterial and fungal infections in T. molitor was investigated using RNAi. ...[more]

PMID: 32033290

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Project description:Outcome and resolution of an udder inflammation (mastitis) depends on the type of the invading pathogen. Gram-negative pathogens, such as Escherichia coli mostly trigger strong inflammation and full local activation of the immune defense eventually resulting in pathogen elimination. Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive pathogens elicit only weak immune reactions possibly allowing for pathogen persistence. Little is known about the very early molecular determinants of this pathogen-species specific immune response of the udder. We therefore infected healthy mid-lactating heifers with a high dose of defined E. coli1303 or S. aureus1027 pathogens, sampled udder tissues at 1, 2, and 3 h post infection and globally profiled the transcriptome of samples from the gland cistern. We expectedly found that the E. coli infection elicited a fast and strong immune response. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that pathogen recognizing receptors triggered the activation of the IkB/NF-kB signaling cascade inducing the expression of a wealth of inflammation related genes, but also many immune dampeners. S. aureus infection failed to elicit inflammation and activate IkB/NF-kB signaling. Instead, it triggered immune suppressive mechanisms which were, however not outweighed by strong induction of inflammatory genes. Moreover, it activated the wnt/b-catenin signaling cascade resulting in active suppression of NF-kB signaling and rearrangement of the actin-cytoskeleton through modulating expression of the Rho GTPases. These alterations facilitate invasion of pathogens into host cells. We validated experimentally that pathogenic S. aureus, but not E. coli may invade mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Microscopy revealed an altered structure of the actin-cytoskeleton of primary MEC having internalized live GFP-tagged S. aureus pathogens. Our study reveals for the first time the earliest host responses in the udder differentiating E. coli from S. aureus mastitis. The latter is characterized by eliciting immune suppression rather than inflammation and invasion of S. aureus into the epithelial cells of the host.

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TmSpz6 Is Essential for Regulating the Immune Response to Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in Tenebrio Molitor.

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<i>Tm</i>Spz6 Is Essential for Regulating the Immune Response to Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in Tenebrio Molitor.

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